Scaling PAR absorption from the leaf to landscape level in spatially heterogeneous ecosystems

Agriculture & Biology

• photosynthetically active radiation 100%
• canopy 68%
• ecosystems 64%
• leaves 37%
• leaf area index 33%
• photons 22%
• radiative transfer 17%
• biosphere 12%
• optical properties 12%
• energy transfer 12%
• leaf characteristics 12%
• simulation models 11%
• spatial distribution 8%

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• photosynthetically active radiation 99%
• canopy 69%
• ecosystem 50%
• leaf area index 33%
• biosphere 10%
• optical property 10%
• radiative transfer 10%
• field study 9%
• modeling 8%
• scattering 8%
• spatial distribution 7%
• atmosphere 6%
• chemical 5%
• energy 5%
• effect 5%
• simulation 4%
• material 4%
• analysis 2%