TY - JOUR
T1 - Early damage detection of epoxy via poly(vinyl cinnamate) mechanophore using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
AU - Gunckel, Ryan
AU - Nofen, Elizabeth
AU - Hansen-Staggs, Joshua
AU - Babcock, Shelby
AU - Koo, Bonsung
AU - Chattopadhyay, Aditi
AU - Dai, Lenore
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
PY - 2017/7
Y1 - 2017/7
N2 - The employment of mechanophores and mechanochemistry in materials has enabled the development of novel force-responsive materials. Studies exploring the force sensing capabilities of the UV-dimerized cinnamoyl moiety have shown that after severing its cyclobutane bond under an external force, the moiety will revert back to its initial fluorescent state. Current fluorescent detection methods, however, fail to properly detect cyclobutane mechanophore activation in highly opaque samples. In this study, we apply Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique to measure a composite's chemical structure and examine activation of the cinnamoyl moiety's cyclobutane bond, regardless of sample transparency. Samples containing 10 wt% poly(vinyl cinnamate) as the active mechanophore, as well as set of samples with an additional 0.5 wt% carbon nanotubes, used to create a completely opaque composite, were developed. Both composites showed an increase in peaks at 1650 cm-1 and 1635 cm-1 after strain, which correspond to the cis and trans isomers of the fluorescent double-bond in the cinnamoyl group. A statistical difference in peak height occurs as early as 4% strain-before the yield point of the composites-indicating that early signal detection is possible. This improved sensing method provides a simpler, faster method for early signal detection over fluorescent imaging.
AB - The employment of mechanophores and mechanochemistry in materials has enabled the development of novel force-responsive materials. Studies exploring the force sensing capabilities of the UV-dimerized cinnamoyl moiety have shown that after severing its cyclobutane bond under an external force, the moiety will revert back to its initial fluorescent state. Current fluorescent detection methods, however, fail to properly detect cyclobutane mechanophore activation in highly opaque samples. In this study, we apply Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique to measure a composite's chemical structure and examine activation of the cinnamoyl moiety's cyclobutane bond, regardless of sample transparency. Samples containing 10 wt% poly(vinyl cinnamate) as the active mechanophore, as well as set of samples with an additional 0.5 wt% carbon nanotubes, used to create a completely opaque composite, were developed. Both composites showed an increase in peaks at 1650 cm-1 and 1635 cm-1 after strain, which correspond to the cis and trans isomers of the fluorescent double-bond in the cinnamoyl group. A statistical difference in peak height occurs as early as 4% strain-before the yield point of the composites-indicating that early signal detection is possible. This improved sensing method provides a simpler, faster method for early signal detection over fluorescent imaging.
KW - Covalent bonds
KW - Damage detection
KW - FTIR
KW - Force
KW - Induced activation
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Photodimerization
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U2 - 10.1088/2053-1591/aa79be
DO - 10.1088/2053-1591/aa79be
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85027160325
SN - 2053-1591
VL - 4
JO - Materials Research Express
JF - Materials Research Express
IS - 7
M1 - 075014
ER -