Activation Energy for End-of-Life Solder Bond Degradation: Thermal Cycling of Field-Aged PV Modules

Physics & Astronomy

• thermal degradation 100%
• solders 86%
• modules 63%
• activation energy 56%
• cycles 51%
• temperature 12%
• dwell 8%
• blankets 7%
• durability 7%
• ribbons 6%
• intermetallics 6%
• scanning electron microscopy 4%
• heating 4%
• spectroscopy 3%
• x rays 3%
• energy 2%

Engineering & Materials Science

• Thermal cycling 88%
• Activation energy 80%
• Soldering alloys 75%
• Degradation 53%
• Temperature 19%
• Busbars 9%
• X-Ray Emission Spectrometry 9%
• Intermetallics 7%
• Hot Temperature 6%
• Durability 5%
• Scanning electron microscopy 5%
• Wear of materials 5%
• Heating 5%
• Fatigue of materials 4%

Chemical Compounds

• Thermal Cycling 98%
• Solder 95%
• Reaction Activation Energy 53%
• Thermomechanical Fatigue 16%
• Intermetallic Compound 8%
• Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy 7%
• Resistance 4%
• Time 2%