@article{d9545c8f58714547a18167d080b2fbc9,
title = "Violence among urban African American youths: An analysis of environmental and behavioral risk factors",
abstract = "This study investigated environmental and behavioral risk factors as predictors of involvement in violent behavior among African American youths. Data from 684 African American youths ages 14 to 17, who participated in interviews by the Youth Services Project in St. Louis, Missouri, were used in these analyses. Forty percent of the variance in African American youths' involvement in violent behavior was predicted by the environmental risk factors of exposure to violence, deteriorated school environment, negative peer environment, and traumatic experiences and by the behavioral risk factors of alcohol use and substance use. Gender differences in risk factors were also explored. The results suggest that preventive interventions should have an ecological approach, including a community and individual focus.",
keywords = "Adolescence, African Americans, Gender, Substance use, Victimization",
author = "Williams, {James Herbert} and Stiffman, {Arlene Rubin} and O'Neal, {John Leslie}",
note = "Funding Information: The Youth Services Project at Washington University, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, interviewed youths from the city of St. Louis who had received services from one of the following gateway services sectors: health care, juvenile justice, child welfare, or education. These services sectors were all in a position to screen youths for behavioral and mental health problems and to provide mental health services or referrals to services elsewhere. The Youth Services Project interviewers recruited youths (with the aid of service providers) by approaching them in service sector waiting rooms and by sending letters and mounting posters requesting volunteers for a study of adolescents{\textquoteright} needs for social and mental health services. No records were kept of specific refusal or volunteer rates by sector as there was no way to measure the numbers of youths exposed to posters or contacted by service providers. Direct refusal to interviewers recruiting in waiting rooms was less than 2 percent. Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "1998",
month = mar,
doi = "10.1093/swr/22.1.3",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "22",
pages = "3--13",
journal = "Social work research",
issn = "1070-5309",
publisher = "National Association of Social Workers",
number = "1",
}