@article{2f61eaee5b9c4887aa409f93a48028fc,
title = "Understanding what limits the voltage of polycrystalline CdSeTe solar cells",
abstract = "The origin of voltage deficits in polycrystalline cadmium selenide telluride (CdSeTe) solar cells is unclear. Here, we present a comprehensive voltage loss analysis performed on state-of-the-art CdSeTe devices—fabricated at Colorado State University and First Solar—using photoluminescence techniques, including external radiative efficiency (ERE) measurements. More specifically, we report the thermodynamic voltage limit Voc,ideal, internal voltage iVoc and external voltage Voc of partially and fully finished cells fabricated with different dopant species, dopant concentrations and back contacts. Arsenic-doped aluminium-oxide-passivated cells made at Colorado State University present remarkably high ERE (>1%)—translating into iVoc above 970 mV—but suffer from poor back-contact selectivity. On the other hand, arsenic-doped devices from First Solar present almost perfect carrier selectivity (Voc = iVoc), leading to Voc above 840 mV, and are limited by recombination in various parts of the device. Thus, development of contact structures that are both passivating and selective in combination with highly luminescent absorbers is key to reducing voltage losses.",
author = "Arthur Onno and Carey Reich and Siming Li and Adam Danielson and William Weigand and Alexandra Bothwell and Sachit Grover and Jeff Bailey and Gang Xiong and Darius Kuciauskas and Walajabad Sampath and Holman, {Zachary C.}",
note = "Funding Information: The information, data or work presented herein was funded in part by the US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, under award numbers DE-EE0008552 (A.O., C.L., S.L., A.D., W.W., A.B., D.K., W.S. and Z.C.H.) and DE-EE0008557 (C.L. and W.S.). Funding was provided in part by the National Science Foundation under award no. 1846685 (Z.C.H.). This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the US Department of Energy (DOE) under contract no. DE-AC36-08GO28308 (D.K.). The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the US Government. The US Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. We thank Y.-H. Zhang and his team at Arizona State University for building and providing access to the ERE measurement tool and J. Sites and his team at Colorado State University for building and providing access to the EQE and C–V measurement tools. We thank R. Pandey, T. Shimpi and J. Sites at Colorado State University, along with G. Yeung and C. Wolden at Colorado School of Mines, for providing some of the samples reported in this study. We thank 5N Plus for providing the CdTe, CdSeTe and CdCl source materials. First Solar authors acknowledge support from numerous colleagues and thank D. Martinez and K. Theis for sample preparation and analysis. 2 Funding Information: The information, data or work presented herein was funded in part by the US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, under award numbers DE-EE0008552 (A.O., C.L., S.L., A.D., W.W., A.B., D.K., W.S. and Z.C.H.) and DE-EE0008557 (C.L. and W.S.). Funding was provided in part by the National Science Foundation under award no. 1846685 (Z.C.H.). This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the US Department of Energy (DOE) under contract no. DE-AC36-08GO28308 (D.K.). The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the US Government. The US Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. We thank Y.-H. Zhang and his team at Arizona State University for building and providing access to the ERE measurement tool and J. Sites and his team at Colorado State University for building and providing access to the EQE and C–V measurement tools. We thank R. Pandey, T. Shimpi and J. Sites at Colorado State University, along with G. Yeung and C. Wolden at Colorado School of Mines, for providing some of the samples reported in this study. We thank 5N Plus for providing the CdTe, CdSeTe and CdCl2 source materials. First Solar authors acknowledge support from numerous colleagues and thank D. Martinez and K. Theis for sample preparation and analysis. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.",
year = "2022",
month = may,
doi = "10.1038/s41560-022-00985-z",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "7",
pages = "400--408",
journal = "Nature Energy",
issn = "2058-7546",
publisher = "Springer Nature",
number = "5",
}