Toward an ecological CALL: Update to garrett (1991)

This introduction to the 2009 Modern Language Journal Focus Issue uses the lens of an ecological perspective on the acquisition of second languages to provide additional insights into the contributions by various computer-assisted language learning (CALL) scholars to this update on Garrett (1991), " Technology in the service of language learning: Trends and issues." After providing a thematic overview of the trends and issues discussed by Garrett (1991, this issue) and the other contributors, I discuss the most salient themes and controversies mentioned by the Focus Issue authors, including CALL and second language acquisition theory, empirical research and CALL, creation and use of CALL materials and technologies, social networking, assessment, the need for teacher training, and professional rewards. This introduction concludes with a section on the future of CALL as an independent field and with a look at future research and practical applications of CALL.