Total organic halogen (TOX) species formation at different locations in drinking water distribution systems

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• bromine 71%
• halogen 67%
• water distribution system 67%
• drinking water 45%
• chlorine 44%
• water treatment plant 32%
• distribution system 27%
• iodine 16%
• bromide 16%
• halide 5%
• drinking water treatment 5%
• raw water 5%
• chlorination 5%
• disinfection 4%
• water 4%
• byproduct 4%
• seasonal variation 4%
• ammonia 3%
• toxicity 3%
• effluent 3%
• public 3%
• oxidation 3%
• groundwater 2%
• exposure 2%

Engineering & Materials Science

• Bromine 91%
• Water distribution systems 79%
• Potable water 74%
• Chlorine 60%
• Water treatment plants 43%
• Iodine 19%
• Water 10%
• Chlorination 7%
• Disinfection 7%
• Toxicity 5%
• Groundwater 5%
• Effluents 5%
• Ammonia 5%
• Byproducts 5%
• Oxidation 4%

Chemical Compounds

• Water Distribution System 100%
• Drinking Water 61%
• Bromine Atom 56%
• Halogen 52%
• Chlorine 43%
• Iodine 12%
• Bromide 10%
• Organic Halide 6%
• Groundwater 5%
• Ammonia 3%
• Time 1%