The influence of kinship, rank, and sex on affiliation and aggression between adult female and immature bonnet macaques ( Macaca radiata).

Affiliative behavior by adult females toward immatures is based largely upon kinship. Females groom related immatures at higher rates than the offspring of unrelated females. Although females are groomed by their immature kin at higher rates than by the daughters of higher ranking females (HRF's) or the sons of HRF's, females are groomed by their immature female kin and the daughters of lower ranking females (LRF's) at similar rates. Thus, both kinship and female rank influence rates of grooming by immature females. All adult females groom their immature male kin and the daughters of HRF's more than they are groomed by them, and are groomed by the daughters of LRF's more often than they groom them in return. Females harass the offspring of relatives and HRF's at similar rates. -from Author