Abstract
The Cycladic, the Minoan, and the Helladic (Mycenaean) cultures define the Bronze Age (BA) of Greece. Urbanism, complex social structures, craft and agricultural specialization, and the earliest forms of writing characterize this iconic period. We sequenced six Early to Middle BA whole genomes, along with 11 mitochondrial genomes, sampled from the three BA cultures of the Aegean Sea. The Early BA (EBA) genomes are homogeneous and derive most of their ancestry from Neolithic Aegeans, contrary to earlier hypotheses that the Neolithic-EBA cultural transition was due to massive population turnover. EBA Aegeans were shaped by relatively small-scale migration from East of the Aegean, as evidenced by the Caucasus-related ancestry also detected in Anatolians. In contrast, Middle BA (MBA) individuals of northern Greece differ from EBA populations in showing ∼50% Pontic-Caspian Steppe-related ancestry, dated at ca. 2,600-2,000 BCE. Such gene flow events during the MBA contributed toward shaping present-day Greek genomes.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 2565-2586.e21 |
| Journal | Cell |
| Volume | 184 |
| Issue number | 10 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - May 13 2021 |
Keywords
- Anatolia
- Bronze Age
- Cycladic civilization
- Greece
- Helladic civilization
- Minoan civilization
- Mycenean civilization
- ancient DNA
- paleogenomics
- population genetics
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
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The genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations. / Clemente, Florian; Unterländer, Martina; Dolgova, Olga et al.
In: Cell, Vol. 184, No. 10, 13.05.2021, p. 2565-2586.e21.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - The genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations
AU - Clemente, Florian
AU - Unterländer, Martina
AU - Dolgova, Olga
AU - Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G.
AU - Coroado-Santos, Francisco
AU - Neuenschwander, Samuel
AU - Ganiatsou, Elissavet
AU - Cruz Dávalos, Diana I.
AU - Anchieri, Lucas
AU - Michaud, Frédéric
AU - Winkelbach, Laura
AU - Blöcher, Jens
AU - Arizmendi Cárdenas, Yami Ommar
AU - Sousa da Mota, Bárbara
AU - Kalliga, Eleni
AU - Souleles, Angelos
AU - Kontopoulos, Ioannis
AU - Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia
AU - Philaniotou, Olga
AU - Sampson, Adamantios
AU - Theodorou, Dimitra
AU - Tsipopoulou, Metaxia
AU - Akamatis, Ioannis
AU - Halstead, Paul
AU - Kotsakis, Kostas
AU - Urem-Kotsou, Dushka
AU - Panagiotopoulos, Diamantis
AU - Ziota, Christina
AU - Triantaphyllou, Sevasti
AU - Delaneau, Olivier
AU - Jensen, Jeffrey D.
AU - Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor
AU - Burger, Joachim
AU - Sousa, Vitor C.
AU - Lao, Oscar
AU - Malaspinas, Anna Sapfo
AU - Papageorgopoulou, Christina
N1 - Funding Information: We would like to thank the Lausanne Genomics Technologies Facility (GTF) for performing sequencing and the former Vital-IT platform of the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and the DCSR for maintaining the computer infrastructure at UNIL. We thank the INCD (https://incd.pt/) for use of their computing infrastructure, which is funded by FCT and FEDER (01/SAICT/2016 022153).C.P. E.G. A.S. L.W. and J. Burger acknowledge the support of the European Union and the General Secretariat of Research and Innovation-GSRI, Ministry of Development & Investments in Greece, and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research-BMBF in Germany under the Bilateral Cooperation Program Greece – Germany 2017 (project BIOMUSE-0195). O.L. and O. Dolgova acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to the EMBL partnership, Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Generalitat de Catalunya through Departament de Salut and Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement, as well as co-financing with funds from the European Regional Development Fund by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation corresponding to the Programa Operativo FEDER Plurirregional de España (POPE) 2014-2020, and by the Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca, Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement of the Generalitat de Catalunya corresponding to the Programa Operatiu FEDER de Catalunya 2014-2020. We would also like to thank David Reich and his lab for making ancient and modern data available; Iosif Lazaridis for help with qpWave/qpAdm; Aggeliki Georgiadou for help with editing the supplementary information; Iago Maceda for advice on whole genome sequence dataset building; and Julia Santiago, Alexandre Reymond, Eske Willerslev, Johannes Krause, and Morten Allentoft for helpful discussions. We thank Theodoros Pitsios (Anthropology Museum, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens) for providing samples from the osteological material of Agios Kosmas archaeological site. We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped us to improve the manuscript. F.C. C.E.G.A. S.N. D.I.C.D. L.A. B.S.d.M. Y.O.A.C. F.M. J.V.M.-M. and A.-S.M. were supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SFNS) and a European Research Council (ERC) grant to A.-S.M. M.U. S.T. D.U.-K. and C.P. were co-financed by the EU Social Fund and the Greek national funds research funding program ARISTEIA II (project-3461). C.P. E.G. A.S. L.W. and J. Burger were co-financed by the Greek-German bilateral cooperation program 2017 (General Secreteriat for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Development and Investments, Greece, and Federal Ministry of Education and Research - BMBF, Germany) project BIOMUSE-0195 funded by the Operational Programme “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (EU Social Fund and European Regional Development Fund). J. Blöcher was funded in part by the research initiative GeneRED. E.K. was funded by the Greek State Scholarships Foundation (IKY). O. Delaneau is funded by a SNSF (project grant PP00P3_176977). V.C.S. was supported by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) through funds granted to cE3c (UIDB/00329/2020) and individual grant CEECIND/02391/2017. O.L. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MEIC) (RYC-2013-14797), a PGC2018-098574-B-I00 (MEIC/FEDER) grant, and the support of Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 937). O. Dolgova was supported by a PGC2018-098574-B-I00 (MEIC/FEDER) grant. J.D.J. was funded by National Institutes of Health grants R01GM135899 and R35GM139383. C.P. conceived the project idea and initiated the project. A.-S.M. and C.P. headed the study. C.P. acquired corresponding samples and organized data production with critical input from J. Burger and A.-S.M. M.U. and L.W. performed the lab work. E.G. E.K. and A.S. contributed texts and archaeological and genetic background information. I.K. contributed lab work for radiocarbon dating. E.G. E.K. G.K.-M. O.P. A. Sampson, D.T. M.T. I.A. P.H. K.K. D.U.-K. D.P. C.Z. and S.T. contributed samples and background archaeological information. F.C. M.U. O. Dolgova, E.G. and C.P. compiled reference datasets. A.-S.M. O.L. and V.C.S. designed the genetic analyses with critical input from F.C. O. Dolgova, M.U. C.E.G.A. F.C.-S. S.N. D.I.C.D. L.A. F.M. J. Blöcher, B.S.d.M. Y.O.A.C. O. Delaneau, and J.V.M.-M. performed the population genetic analyses under the supervision of A.-S.M. O.L. and V.C.S. A.-S.M. wrote the manuscript together with F.C. C.P. M.U. and O. Dolgova with critical input from C.E.G.A. V.C.S. O.L. J.V.M.-M. J. Burger, and J.D.J. and from all other coauthors. The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Information: We would like to thank the Lausanne Genomics Technologies Facility (GTF) for performing sequencing and the former Vital-IT platform of the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and the DCSR for maintaining the computer infrastructure at UNIL. We thank the INCD ( https://incd.pt/ ) for use of their computing infrastructure, which is funded by FCT and FEDER ( 01/SAICT/2016 022153 ).C.P., E.G., A.S., L.W., and J. Burger acknowledge the support of the European Union and the General Secretariat of Research and Innovation-GSRI, Ministry of Development & Investments in Greece, and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research-BMBF in Germany under the Bilateral Cooperation Program Greece – Germany 2017 (project BIOMUSE-0195 ). O.L. and O. Dolgova acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to the EMBL partnership, Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa , CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya , Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Generalitat de Catalunya through Departament de Salut and Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement , as well as co-financing with funds from the European Regional Development Fund by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation corresponding to the Programa Operativo FEDER Plurirregional de España (POPE) 2014-2020, and by the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca, Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement of the Generalitat de Catalunya corresponding to the Programa Operatiu FEDER de Catalunya 2014-2020. We would also like to thank David Reich and his lab for making ancient and modern data available; Iosif Lazaridis for help with qpWave/qpAdm; Aggeliki Georgiadou for help with editing the supplementary information; Iago Maceda for advice on whole genome sequence dataset building; and Julia Santiago, Alexandre Reymond, Eske Willerslev, Johannes Krause, and Morten Allentoft for helpful discussions. We thank Theodoros Pitsios (Anthropology Museum, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens) for providing samples from the osteological material of Agios Kosmas archaeological site. We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped us to improve the manuscript. F.C., C.E.G.A., S.N., D.I.C.D., L.A., B.S.d.M., Y.O.A.C., F.M., J.V.M.-M., and A.-S.M. were supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SFNS) and a European Research Council (ERC) grant to A.-S.M. M.U., S.T., D.U.-K., and C.P. were co-financed by the EU Social Fund and the Greek national funds research funding program ARISTEIA II ( project-3461 ). C.P., E.G., A.S., L.W., and J. Burger were co-financed by the Greek-German bilateral cooperation program 2017 (General Secreteriat for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Development and Investments, Greece, and Federal Ministry of Education and Research - BMBF, Germany) project BIOMUSE-0195 funded by the Operational Programme “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” ( NSRF 2014-2020 ) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (EU Social Fund and European Regional Development Fund). J. Blöcher was funded in part by the research initiative GeneRED . E.K. was funded by the Greek State Scholarships Foundation (IKY). O. Delaneau is funded by a SNSF (project grant PP00P3_176977 ). V.C.S. was supported by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) through funds granted to cE3c ( UIDB/00329/2020 ) and individual grant CEECIND/02391/2017 . O.L. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MEIC) ( RYC-2013-14797 ), a PGC2018-098574-B-I00 (MEIC/FEDER) grant, and the support of Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya ( GRC 2017 SGR 937 ). O. Dolgova was supported by a PGC2018-098574-B-I00 (MEIC/FEDER) grant. J.D.J. was funded by National Institutes of Health grants R01GM135899 and R35GM139383 . Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors
PY - 2021/5/13
Y1 - 2021/5/13
N2 - The Cycladic, the Minoan, and the Helladic (Mycenaean) cultures define the Bronze Age (BA) of Greece. Urbanism, complex social structures, craft and agricultural specialization, and the earliest forms of writing characterize this iconic period. We sequenced six Early to Middle BA whole genomes, along with 11 mitochondrial genomes, sampled from the three BA cultures of the Aegean Sea. The Early BA (EBA) genomes are homogeneous and derive most of their ancestry from Neolithic Aegeans, contrary to earlier hypotheses that the Neolithic-EBA cultural transition was due to massive population turnover. EBA Aegeans were shaped by relatively small-scale migration from East of the Aegean, as evidenced by the Caucasus-related ancestry also detected in Anatolians. In contrast, Middle BA (MBA) individuals of northern Greece differ from EBA populations in showing ∼50% Pontic-Caspian Steppe-related ancestry, dated at ca. 2,600-2,000 BCE. Such gene flow events during the MBA contributed toward shaping present-day Greek genomes.
AB - The Cycladic, the Minoan, and the Helladic (Mycenaean) cultures define the Bronze Age (BA) of Greece. Urbanism, complex social structures, craft and agricultural specialization, and the earliest forms of writing characterize this iconic period. We sequenced six Early to Middle BA whole genomes, along with 11 mitochondrial genomes, sampled from the three BA cultures of the Aegean Sea. The Early BA (EBA) genomes are homogeneous and derive most of their ancestry from Neolithic Aegeans, contrary to earlier hypotheses that the Neolithic-EBA cultural transition was due to massive population turnover. EBA Aegeans were shaped by relatively small-scale migration from East of the Aegean, as evidenced by the Caucasus-related ancestry also detected in Anatolians. In contrast, Middle BA (MBA) individuals of northern Greece differ from EBA populations in showing ∼50% Pontic-Caspian Steppe-related ancestry, dated at ca. 2,600-2,000 BCE. Such gene flow events during the MBA contributed toward shaping present-day Greek genomes.
KW - Anatolia
KW - Bronze Age
KW - Cycladic civilization
KW - Greece
KW - Helladic civilization
KW - Minoan civilization
KW - Mycenean civilization
KW - ancient DNA
KW - paleogenomics
KW - population genetics
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85105571892&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85105571892&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.039
DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.039
M3 - Article
C2 - 33930288
AN - SCOPUS:85105571892
SN - 0092-8674
VL - 184
SP - 2565-2586.e21
JO - Cell
JF - Cell
IS - 10
ER -