The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au

Eric L. Nielsen; Robert J. De Rosa; Bruce Macintosh; Jason J. Wang; Jean Baptiste Ruffio; Eugene Chiang; Mark S. Marley; Didier Saumon; Dmitry Savransky; S. Mark Ammons; Vanessa P. Bailey; Travis Barman; Célia Blain; Joanna Bulger; Adam Burrows; Jeffrey Chilcote; Tara Cotten; Ian Czekala; Rene Doyon; Gaspard Duchene; Thomas M. Esposito; Daniel Fabrycky; Michael P. Fitzgerald; Katherine B. Follette; Jonathan J. Fortney; Benjamin L. Gerard; Stephen J. Goodsell; James R. Graham; Alexandra Z. Greenbaum; Pascale Hibon; Sasha Hinkley; Lea A. Hirsch; Justin Hom; Li Wei Hung; Rebekah Ilene Dawson; Patrick Ingraham; Paul Kalas; Quinn Konopacky; James E. Larkin; Eve J. Lee; Jonathan W. Lin; Jérôme Maire; Franck Marchis; Christian Marois; Stanimir Metchev; Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer; Katie M. Morzinski; Rebecca Oppenheimer; David Palmer; Jennifer Patience; Marshall Perrin; Lisa Poyneer; Laurent Pueyo; Roman R. Rafikov; Abhijith Rajan; Julien Rameau; Fredrik T. Rantakyrö; Bin Ren; Adam C. Schneider; Anand Sivaramakrishnan; Inseok Song; Remi Soummer; Melisa Tallis; Sandrine Thomas; Kimberly Ward-Duong; Schuyler Wolff

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9

The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au

Eric L. Nielsen, Robert J. De Rosa, Bruce Macintosh, Jason J. Wang, Jean Baptiste Ruffio, Eugene Chiang, Mark S. Marley, Didier Saumon, Dmitry Savransky, S. Mark Ammons, Vanessa P. Bailey, Travis Barman, Célia Blain, Joanna Bulger, Adam Burrows, Jeffrey Chilcote, Tara Cotten, Ian Czekala, Rene Doyon, Gaspard DucheneThomas M. Esposito, Daniel Fabrycky, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Katherine B. Follette, Jonathan J. Fortney, Benjamin L. Gerard, Stephen J. Goodsell, James R. Graham, Alexandra Z. Greenbaum, Pascale Hibon, Sasha Hinkley, Lea A. Hirsch, Justin Hom, Li Wei Hung, Rebekah Ilene Dawson, Patrick Ingraham, Paul Kalas, Quinn Konopacky, James E. Larkin, Eve J. Lee, Jonathan W. Lin, Jérôme Maire, Franck Marchis, Christian Marois, Stanimir Metchev, Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer, Katie M. Morzinski, Rebecca Oppenheimer, David Palmer, Jennifer Patience, Marshall Perrin, Lisa Poyneer, Laurent Pueyo, Roman R. Rafikov, Abhijith Rajan, Julien Rameau, Fredrik T. Rantakyrö, Bin Ren, Adam C. Schneider, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Inseok Song, Remi Soummer, Melisa Tallis, Sandrine Thomas, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Schuyler Wolff

Earth and Space Exploration, School of (SESE)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

285 Scopus citations

Abstract

We present a statistical analysis of the first 300 stars observed by the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey. This subsample includes six detected planets and three brown dwarfs; from these detections and our contrast curves we infer the underlying distributions of substellar companions with respect to their mass, semimajor axis, and host stellar mass. We uncover a strong correlation between planet occurrence rate and host star mass, with stars M _∗ >1.5 M _o more likely to host planets with masses between 2 and 13M _Jup and semimajor axes of 3-100 au at 99.92% confidence. We fit a double power-law model in planet mass (m) and semimajor axis (a) for planet populations around high-mass stars (M _∗ >1.5 M _o) of the form , finding α = -2.4 +0.8 and β = -2.0 +0.5, and an integrated occurrence rate of % between 5-13M _Jup and 10-100 au. A significantly lower occurrence rate is obtained for brown dwarfs around all stars, with % of stars hosting a brown dwarf companion between 13-80M _Jup and 10-100 au. Brown dwarfs also appear to be distributed differently in mass and semimajor axis compared to giant planets; whereas giant planets follow a bottom-heavy mass distribution and favor smaller semimajor axes, brown dwarfs exhibit just the opposite behaviors. Comparing to studies of short-period giant planets from the radial velocity method, our results are consistent with a peak in occurrence of giant planets between ∼1 and 10 au. We discuss how these trends, including the preference of giant planets for high-mass host stars, point to formation of giant planets by core/pebble accretion, and formation of brown dwarfs by gravitational instability.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	13
Journal	Astronomical Journal
Volume	158
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9
State	Published - 2019

Keywords

instrumentation: adaptive optics
planetary systems
planets and satellites: detection

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

Access to Document

10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9

Cite this

Nielsen, E. L., De Rosa, R. J., Macintosh, B., Wang, J. J., Ruffio, J. B., Chiang, E., Marley, M. S., Saumon, D., Savransky, D., Mark Ammons, S., Bailey, V. P., Barman, T., Blain, C., Bulger, J., Burrows, A., Chilcote, J., Cotten, T., Czekala, I., Doyon, R., ... Wolff, S. (2019). The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au. Astronomical Journal, 158(1), Article 13. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9

Nielsen, EL, De Rosa, RJ, Macintosh, B, Wang, JJ, Ruffio, JB, Chiang, E, Marley, MS, Saumon, D, Savransky, D, Mark Ammons, S, Bailey, VP, Barman, T, Blain, C, Bulger, J, Burrows, A, Chilcote, J, Cotten, T, Czekala, I, Doyon, R, Duchene, G, Esposito, TM, Fabrycky, D, Fitzgerald, MP, Follette, KB, Fortney, JJ, Gerard, BL, Goodsell, SJ, Graham, JR, Greenbaum, AZ, Hibon, P, Hinkley, S, Hirsch, LA, Hom, J, Hung, LW, Ilene Dawson, R, Ingraham, P, Kalas, P, Konopacky, Q, Larkin, JE, Lee, EJ, Lin, JW, Maire, J, Marchis, F, Marois, C, Metchev, S, Millar-Blanchaer, MA, Morzinski, KM, Oppenheimer, R, Palmer, D, Patience, J, Perrin, M, Poyneer, L, Pueyo, L, Rafikov, RR, Rajan, A, Rameau, J, Rantakyrö, FT, Ren, B, Schneider, AC, Sivaramakrishnan, A, Song, I, Soummer, R, Tallis, M, Thomas, S, Ward-Duong, K & Wolff, S 2019, 'The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au', Astronomical Journal, vol. 158, no. 1, 13. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9

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title = "The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au",

abstract = "We present a statistical analysis of the first 300 stars observed by the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey. This subsample includes six detected planets and three brown dwarfs; from these detections and our contrast curves we infer the underlying distributions of substellar companions with respect to their mass, semimajor axis, and host stellar mass. We uncover a strong correlation between planet occurrence rate and host star mass, with stars M ∗ >1.5 M o more likely to host planets with masses between 2 and 13M Jup and semimajor axes of 3-100 au at 99.92% confidence. We fit a double power-law model in planet mass (m) and semimajor axis (a) for planet populations around high-mass stars (M ∗ >1.5 M o) of the form , finding α = -2.4 +0.8 and β = -2.0 +0.5, and an integrated occurrence rate of % between 5-13M Jup and 10-100 au. A significantly lower occurrence rate is obtained for brown dwarfs around all stars, with % of stars hosting a brown dwarf companion between 13-80M Jup and 10-100 au. Brown dwarfs also appear to be distributed differently in mass and semimajor axis compared to giant planets; whereas giant planets follow a bottom-heavy mass distribution and favor smaller semimajor axes, brown dwarfs exhibit just the opposite behaviors. Comparing to studies of short-period giant planets from the radial velocity method, our results are consistent with a peak in occurrence of giant planets between ∼1 and 10 au. We discuss how these trends, including the preference of giant planets for high-mass host stars, point to formation of giant planets by core/pebble accretion, and formation of brown dwarfs by gravitational instability.",

keywords = "instrumentation: adaptive optics, planetary systems, planets and satellites: detection",

author = "Nielsen, {Eric L.} and {De Rosa}, {Robert J.} and Bruce Macintosh and Wang, {Jason J.} and Ruffio, {Jean Baptiste} and Eugene Chiang and Marley, {Mark S.} and Didier Saumon and Dmitry Savransky and {Mark Ammons}, S. and Bailey, {Vanessa P.} and Travis Barman and C{\'e}lia Blain and Joanna Bulger and Adam Burrows and Jeffrey Chilcote and Tara Cotten and Ian Czekala and Rene Doyon and Gaspard Duchene and Esposito, {Thomas M.} and Daniel Fabrycky and Fitzgerald, {Michael P.} and Follette, {Katherine B.} and Fortney, {Jonathan J.} and Gerard, {Benjamin L.} and Goodsell, {Stephen J.} and Graham, {James R.} and Greenbaum, {Alexandra Z.} and Pascale Hibon and Sasha Hinkley and Hirsch, {Lea A.} and Justin Hom and Hung, {Li Wei} and {Ilene Dawson}, Rebekah and Patrick Ingraham and Paul Kalas and Quinn Konopacky and Larkin, {James E.} and Lee, {Eve J.} and Lin, {Jonathan W.} and J{\'e}r{\^o}me Maire and Franck Marchis and Christian Marois and Stanimir Metchev and Millar-Blanchaer, {Maxwell A.} and Morzinski, {Katie M.} and Rebecca Oppenheimer and David Palmer and Jennifer Patience and Marshall Perrin and Lisa Poyneer and Laurent Pueyo and Rafikov, {Roman R.} and Abhijith Rajan and Julien Rameau and Rantakyr{\"o}, {Fredrik T.} and Bin Ren and Schneider, {Adam C.} and Anand Sivaramakrishnan and Inseok Song and Remi Soummer and Melisa Tallis and Sandrine Thomas and Kimberly Ward-Duong and Schuyler Wolff",

year = "2019",

doi = "10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "158",

journal = "Astronomical Journal",

issn = "0004-6256",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey

T2 - Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au

AU - Nielsen, Eric L.

AU - De Rosa, Robert J.

AU - Macintosh, Bruce

AU - Wang, Jason J.

AU - Ruffio, Jean Baptiste

AU - Chiang, Eugene

AU - Marley, Mark S.

AU - Saumon, Didier

AU - Savransky, Dmitry

AU - Mark Ammons, S.

AU - Bailey, Vanessa P.

AU - Barman, Travis

AU - Blain, Célia

AU - Bulger, Joanna

AU - Burrows, Adam

AU - Chilcote, Jeffrey

AU - Cotten, Tara

AU - Czekala, Ian

AU - Doyon, Rene

AU - Duchene, Gaspard

AU - Esposito, Thomas M.

AU - Fabrycky, Daniel

AU - Fitzgerald, Michael P.

AU - Follette, Katherine B.

AU - Fortney, Jonathan J.

AU - Gerard, Benjamin L.

AU - Goodsell, Stephen J.

AU - Graham, James R.

AU - Greenbaum, Alexandra Z.

AU - Hibon, Pascale

AU - Hinkley, Sasha

AU - Hirsch, Lea A.

AU - Hom, Justin

AU - Hung, Li Wei

AU - Ilene Dawson, Rebekah

AU - Ingraham, Patrick

AU - Kalas, Paul

AU - Konopacky, Quinn

AU - Larkin, James E.

AU - Lee, Eve J.

AU - Lin, Jonathan W.

AU - Maire, Jérôme

AU - Marchis, Franck

AU - Marois, Christian

AU - Metchev, Stanimir

AU - Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.

AU - Morzinski, Katie M.

AU - Oppenheimer, Rebecca

AU - Palmer, David

AU - Patience, Jennifer

AU - Perrin, Marshall

AU - Poyneer, Lisa

AU - Pueyo, Laurent

AU - Rafikov, Roman R.

AU - Rajan, Abhijith

AU - Rameau, Julien

AU - Rantakyrö, Fredrik T.

AU - Ren, Bin

AU - Schneider, Adam C.

AU - Sivaramakrishnan, Anand

AU - Song, Inseok

AU - Soummer, Remi

AU - Tallis, Melisa

AU - Thomas, Sandrine

AU - Ward-Duong, Kimberly

AU - Wolff, Schuyler

PY - 2019

Y1 - 2019

N2 - We present a statistical analysis of the first 300 stars observed by the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey. This subsample includes six detected planets and three brown dwarfs; from these detections and our contrast curves we infer the underlying distributions of substellar companions with respect to their mass, semimajor axis, and host stellar mass. We uncover a strong correlation between planet occurrence rate and host star mass, with stars M ∗ >1.5 M o more likely to host planets with masses between 2 and 13M Jup and semimajor axes of 3-100 au at 99.92% confidence. We fit a double power-law model in planet mass (m) and semimajor axis (a) for planet populations around high-mass stars (M ∗ >1.5 M o) of the form , finding α = -2.4 +0.8 and β = -2.0 +0.5, and an integrated occurrence rate of % between 5-13M Jup and 10-100 au. A significantly lower occurrence rate is obtained for brown dwarfs around all stars, with % of stars hosting a brown dwarf companion between 13-80M Jup and 10-100 au. Brown dwarfs also appear to be distributed differently in mass and semimajor axis compared to giant planets; whereas giant planets follow a bottom-heavy mass distribution and favor smaller semimajor axes, brown dwarfs exhibit just the opposite behaviors. Comparing to studies of short-period giant planets from the radial velocity method, our results are consistent with a peak in occurrence of giant planets between ∼1 and 10 au. We discuss how these trends, including the preference of giant planets for high-mass host stars, point to formation of giant planets by core/pebble accretion, and formation of brown dwarfs by gravitational instability.

AB - We present a statistical analysis of the first 300 stars observed by the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey. This subsample includes six detected planets and three brown dwarfs; from these detections and our contrast curves we infer the underlying distributions of substellar companions with respect to their mass, semimajor axis, and host stellar mass. We uncover a strong correlation between planet occurrence rate and host star mass, with stars M ∗ >1.5 M o more likely to host planets with masses between 2 and 13M Jup and semimajor axes of 3-100 au at 99.92% confidence. We fit a double power-law model in planet mass (m) and semimajor axis (a) for planet populations around high-mass stars (M ∗ >1.5 M o) of the form , finding α = -2.4 +0.8 and β = -2.0 +0.5, and an integrated occurrence rate of % between 5-13M Jup and 10-100 au. A significantly lower occurrence rate is obtained for brown dwarfs around all stars, with % of stars hosting a brown dwarf companion between 13-80M Jup and 10-100 au. Brown dwarfs also appear to be distributed differently in mass and semimajor axis compared to giant planets; whereas giant planets follow a bottom-heavy mass distribution and favor smaller semimajor axes, brown dwarfs exhibit just the opposite behaviors. Comparing to studies of short-period giant planets from the radial velocity method, our results are consistent with a peak in occurrence of giant planets between ∼1 and 10 au. We discuss how these trends, including the preference of giant planets for high-mass host stars, point to formation of giant planets by core/pebble accretion, and formation of brown dwarfs by gravitational instability.

KW - instrumentation: adaptive optics

KW - planetary systems

KW - planets and satellites: detection

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DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9

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JO - Astronomical Journal

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ER -

The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au

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The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES

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The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au

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ASJC Scopus subject areas

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The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES

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