The effect of Daclizumab in a high-risk renal transplant population

Introduction: African-American (AA) renal transplant recipients have a higher incidence of acute rejection when compared to Caucasian renal transplant recipients. This higher rejection rate holds true even with the addition of several of the newer immunosuppressive agents (e.g. mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and Rapamycin). Acute rejection rates among Hispanic (H) renal transplant recipients are higher in some settings, while lower or the same as in Caucasians in other settings. IL-2 receptor antibodies have been shown to decrease rejection rates when added to a regimen of cyclosporine (CsA), azathioprine and prednisone. Limited data are available on these agents in conjunction with triple CsA, MMF and prednisone therapy, particularly in higher risk group patients. We studied the effect of the addition of the IL-2 receptor antibody Daclizumab to a CsA. MMF. prednisone regimen in a group of African-American and high-risk Hispanic renal transplant recipients. Methods: This was a non-randomized, prospective study. A total of 49 renal transplant recipients (29 African-American and 20 Hispanic) were studied and followed. A simultaneous cohort of 56 (31 African-American and 25 Hispanic) renal transplant recipients receiving CsA, MMF and prednisone with no standard induction agent served as the control group. The study cohort received the same regimen with the addition of Daclizumab at 1 mg/kg for five doses over 10 wk. Multi-variate analysis was performed to isolate independent factors influencing the study's results. Results: A total of 56 patients in the control group and 49 patients in the Daclizumab group received an average follow-up of 17.1 ± 6.9 and 12.7 ± 5.1 months, respectively. Acute rejection rates were lower in the Daclizumab group as compared to the control group 26.4% versus 49.3% per patient years, respectively. A total of eight recurrent rejections in 6 patients occurred in the control group and none in the Daclizumab arm. Graft loss at this follow-up was no different between the groups. Conclusion: The addition of Daclizumab to a regimen of CsA, MMF and prednisone decreases acute rejection episodes in a high-risk group of African-American and Hispanic renal transplant recipients.