@article{a7c9a188d2464f0d8836fa085b516362,
title = "The butterfly as an honest salesman",
author = "Rutowski, {Ronald L.}",
note = "Funding Information: tion there is a reduction in (1) male courtship persistence, (2) the ejaculate available to impregnate females, and (3) the speed with which a male can impregnate females . Halliday & Houston (1978) speculate that the relationship between male courtship intensity and potency in newts is the evolutionary product of selection for males to minimize time in courtship and maximize time recouping when their sperm supplies are low, while at the same time not passing up opportunities to mate with highly receptive females. This interpretation appears to pertain in P. protodice because, in pierids, highly receptive females mate quickly but are rare in natural populations (R. L. Rutowski, Anim. Behav., 26, 892-903, 1978 ; R. L. Rutowski, 1979). Hence, with a minimal time expenditure male checkered whites can assess the receptivity of any female they meet and keep open the option of multiple matings even when potency is low. In addition, the low frequency of encounters with females in newts and with receptive females in butterflies must provide at least a partial ultimate explanation for why males in these groups copulate in a way that severely reduces their potency . Finally, because of the small spermatophore and the long duration of copulation, selection should favour females that avoid mating with recently mated males . At present no mechanism for such discrimination is known unless it is on the basis of male courtship persistence . Female butterflies, including those of P. protodice, are known to use certain displays and postures that effectively prolong courtship (see J . A. Scott, J. Res. Lep., 11, 99-127, 1973) but may now be interpreted as attempts by females to assess male potency. This work was supported by an Arizona State University Faculty Grant-in-Aid and NSF Grant BNS-78-11211 .",
year = "1979",
month = nov,
doi = "10.1016/0003-3472(79)90072-1",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "27",
pages = "1269--1270",
journal = "Animal Behaviour",
issn = "0003-3472",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
number = "PART 4",
}