TY - JOUR
T1 - Subthreshold erosion of an organic polymer induced by multiple shots of an X-ray free-electron laser
AU - Burian, T.
AU - Chalupský, J.
AU - Hájková, V.
AU - Toufarová, M.
AU - Vorlíček, V.
AU - Hau-Riege, S.
AU - Krzywinski, J.
AU - Bozek, J. D.
AU - Bostedt, C.
AU - Graf, A. T.
AU - Jastrow, U. F.
AU - Kreis, S.
AU - London, R. A.
AU - Messerschmidt, M.
AU - Moeller, S.
AU - Sobierajski, R.
AU - Tiedtke, K.
AU - De Grazia, M.
AU - Auguste, T.
AU - Carré, B.
AU - Guizard, S.
AU - Merdji, H.
AU - Medvedev, N.
AU - Juha, L.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work is financially supported by the Czech Science Foundation (Grants No. 19-03314S and No. 20-08452S), by the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Grants No. LTT17015 and No. EF16_013/0001552 [OP VVV Project CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16-013/0001552-ERDF]) and by the National Science Centre, Poland (Grant Agreement No. 2011/03/B/ST3/02453). We acknowledge a financial support from the European Union through the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Open H2020: PETACom (Grant No. 829153), the French Ministry of Research through the 2016 project “High rEpetition rate Laser for Lensless Imaging in the Xuv (HELLIX)” and the DGA RAPID grant “SWIM”, the LABEX PALM (ANR-10-LABX-0039-PALM) through the grants “Plasmon-X”, HILAC and STAMPS and, finally, the Action de Soutien à la Technologie et à la Recherche en Essonne (ASTRE) program through the “NanoLight” grant are also acknowledged. This work is performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 American Physical Society.
PY - 2020/9
Y1 - 2020/9
N2 - Solids irradiated by energetic photons can be eroded in two modes, depending on the radiation intensity. High average, low-peak power sources, e.g., synchrotron radiation and high-order harmonics, induce desorption of the material at a low etch rate. In contrast, high-peak-power radiation from extreme ultraviolet and X-ray lasers usually causes a massive removal of the material even by a single shot. In this contribution, an effective material erosion is reported in PMMA exposed to multiple accumulated pulses generated by the free-electron X-ray-laser Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS, tuned at a photon energy of 830 eV in this study, operated in Menlo Park at Stanford, CA, USA) at a fluence below the single-pulse ablation threshold. The effect is caused by polymer-chain scissions initiated by single photons carrying enough energy to break the C-C bounds. High efficiency of the erosion is supposed to occur due to a correlation of the single-photon effects. The subthreshold damage exhibits a nonlinear dose dependence resulting from a competition between chain scissions and cross-linking processes. The cross-linking is proven by Raman spectroscopy of the irradiated polymer. Two theoretical models of the X-ray free-electron-laser-induced erosion are suggested, which provide an excellent agreement with the experimental results.
AB - Solids irradiated by energetic photons can be eroded in two modes, depending on the radiation intensity. High average, low-peak power sources, e.g., synchrotron radiation and high-order harmonics, induce desorption of the material at a low etch rate. In contrast, high-peak-power radiation from extreme ultraviolet and X-ray lasers usually causes a massive removal of the material even by a single shot. In this contribution, an effective material erosion is reported in PMMA exposed to multiple accumulated pulses generated by the free-electron X-ray-laser Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS, tuned at a photon energy of 830 eV in this study, operated in Menlo Park at Stanford, CA, USA) at a fluence below the single-pulse ablation threshold. The effect is caused by polymer-chain scissions initiated by single photons carrying enough energy to break the C-C bounds. High efficiency of the erosion is supposed to occur due to a correlation of the single-photon effects. The subthreshold damage exhibits a nonlinear dose dependence resulting from a competition between chain scissions and cross-linking processes. The cross-linking is proven by Raman spectroscopy of the irradiated polymer. Two theoretical models of the X-ray free-electron-laser-induced erosion are suggested, which provide an excellent agreement with the experimental results.
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U2 - 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.034057
DO - 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.034057
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85093110265
VL - 14
JO - Physical Review Applied
JF - Physical Review Applied
SN - 2331-7019
IS - 3
M1 - 034057
ER -