Spatial correlation of photo-induced and thermionic electron emission from low work function diamond films

Hydrogen terminated, nitrogen doped diamond thin films have been the focus of recent research for application in thermionic energy conversion devices and possibly in solar cells. Nitrogen doped diamond films can attain negative electron affinity (NEA) through treatment with hydrogen plasma, which also produces a very low work function surface. Photoemission and thermionic emission spectroscopy measurements confirm a work function of approximately 2 eV for such films. The research presented here includes results from imaging these thin films with photo-electron emission microscopy (PEEM) and thermionic electron emission microscopy (ThEEM), in addition to spectroscopic studies using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). From the images it can be concluded that the photo- and thermionic emission are spatially uniform and do not originate from different isolated emission sites. This observation holds true up to the highest resolution and for all temperatures investigated (300-800 K). While relatively uniform, the emission is found to be influenced by the surface morphology and film microstructure. The spatial intensity distributions of the PEEM and ThEEM images are very similar, as reflected by the structure present in both of these images. This observation indicates that both emission processes are enabled by the low work function of the film.