TY - JOUR
T1 - Social relationships among adult male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)
T2 - variation in the strength and quality of social bonds
AU - Bray, Joel
AU - Gilby, Ian C.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Tanzania National Parks, and the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology for research permissions. We are deeply grateful to Jane Goodall and the Gombe Stream Research Center staff for their efforts over six decades to collect these data. We thank Anne Pusey for initiating digitization of the data and construction of the Gombe database, and Joseph Feldblum for creating a parallel version of the Gombe database in R. We thank the many research assistants at Duke University, the University of Minnesota, and Arizona State University for data entry. We thank Brendan Barrett and Tom Morgan for statistical assistance, and Joan Silk, Kevin Langergraber, Maggie Stanton, Sam Patterson, Joseph Feldblum, David Watts, and four anonymous reviewers for feedback on prior versions of the manuscript.
Funding Information:
Fieldwork was funded primarily by the Jane Goodall Institute. Additional support came from the National Science Foundation (DBS-9021946, SBR-9319909, BCS-0452315, BCS-0648481, IIS-0431141, IOS-1052693, IOS-1457260), the National Institutes of Health (R01-AI058715), Harris Steel, the McKnight Foundation, the Windibrow Foundation, the Leakey Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation, the University of Minnesota, and Duke University. JB was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant no. 026257-001. Acknowledgments
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2020/9/1
Y1 - 2020/9/1
N2 - Abstract: Socioecological environments that promote frequent interaction and social tolerance have favored the evolution of strong and equitable social bonds, which facilitate cooperation and confer fitness benefits. In most species, kinship is the primary predictor of bond strength and quality, but it does not adequately explain partner choice among adult male chimpanzees. Instead, most bonds and cooperative interactions occur among unrelated individuals, likely because of a lack of brothers among available partners. To identify what factors drive partner choice when kinship does not, we investigated the strength and quality of social bonds among adult male chimpanzees (N = 26) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Maternal brothers, when present, formed stronger bonds than other dyads, and maternal brothers who were close in age or rank formed the strongest bonds. Among dyads that were not maternal brothers, however, the strength of social bonds was not associated with either age difference or rank difference. Additionally, dyads with stronger bonds groomed more equitably than other dyads, as did maternal brothers and dyads close in rank. Bonds were stable, community-wide, for 2 years on average, while lasting up to 13 years. Overall, there remains no clear-cut explanation for partner choice among male chimpanzees. Demographic constraints limit the impact of kinship, and the effects of age and rank difference are small or nonexistent, suggesting that bond strength results from a more complex process than a simple accounting of basic characteristics. Instead, dyads may possess some distinct quality that engenders strength and stability, such as compatible personalities. Significance statement: Strong social ties are associated with increased fitness in several species, including humans, baboons, feral horses, and dolphins. Although close kin typically form the strongest bonds, kinship explains only a limited number of bonds (and associated cooperation) among adult male chimpanzees. To identify what factors influence partner choice when kinship does not, we examined social bonds among adult male chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Males formed strong, stable bonds and groomed more equitably with strong bond partners. Nevertheless, kinship, age difference, and rank difference did not fully explain male partner choice. These results contrast with findings in other species, where stronger and more equitable bonds are typically formed by kin as well as those that are close in age and rank. Instead, male chimpanzee dyads may possess some distinct quality that promotes strength and stability, such as compatible personalities.
AB - Abstract: Socioecological environments that promote frequent interaction and social tolerance have favored the evolution of strong and equitable social bonds, which facilitate cooperation and confer fitness benefits. In most species, kinship is the primary predictor of bond strength and quality, but it does not adequately explain partner choice among adult male chimpanzees. Instead, most bonds and cooperative interactions occur among unrelated individuals, likely because of a lack of brothers among available partners. To identify what factors drive partner choice when kinship does not, we investigated the strength and quality of social bonds among adult male chimpanzees (N = 26) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Maternal brothers, when present, formed stronger bonds than other dyads, and maternal brothers who were close in age or rank formed the strongest bonds. Among dyads that were not maternal brothers, however, the strength of social bonds was not associated with either age difference or rank difference. Additionally, dyads with stronger bonds groomed more equitably than other dyads, as did maternal brothers and dyads close in rank. Bonds were stable, community-wide, for 2 years on average, while lasting up to 13 years. Overall, there remains no clear-cut explanation for partner choice among male chimpanzees. Demographic constraints limit the impact of kinship, and the effects of age and rank difference are small or nonexistent, suggesting that bond strength results from a more complex process than a simple accounting of basic characteristics. Instead, dyads may possess some distinct quality that engenders strength and stability, such as compatible personalities. Significance statement: Strong social ties are associated with increased fitness in several species, including humans, baboons, feral horses, and dolphins. Although close kin typically form the strongest bonds, kinship explains only a limited number of bonds (and associated cooperation) among adult male chimpanzees. To identify what factors influence partner choice when kinship does not, we examined social bonds among adult male chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Males formed strong, stable bonds and groomed more equitably with strong bond partners. Nevertheless, kinship, age difference, and rank difference did not fully explain male partner choice. These results contrast with findings in other species, where stronger and more equitable bonds are typically formed by kin as well as those that are close in age and rank. Instead, male chimpanzee dyads may possess some distinct quality that promotes strength and stability, such as compatible personalities.
KW - Altruism
KW - Association
KW - Cooperation
KW - Grooming
KW - Partner choice
KW - Social tie
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U2 - 10.1007/s00265-020-02892-3
DO - 10.1007/s00265-020-02892-3
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85089970856
SN - 0340-5443
VL - 74
JO - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
JF - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
IS - 9
M1 - 112
ER -