TY - JOUR
T1 - Small irrigation users’ perceptions of environmental change, impacts, and response in Nepal
AU - Parajuli, Jagadish
AU - Eakin, Hallie
AU - Chhetri, Netra
N1 - Funding Information:
The fieldwork of the study was possible by the financial support of the Russell E. Train Fellowship from the WWF Russell E. Train Education for Nature Program (EFN); USAID funded Hariyo Ban Program, WWF Nepal; and the Neely Foundation Food and Agriculture Sustainability Research Grant. The authors are grateful to Suraj Bohara, Surya Poudel, Marisa Manheim, and Saroj Koirala for support in household survey, data analysis, editing, and map preparation, respectively. The authors appreciate all participants of the survey and key informant interviews, and government officials for time and valuable information. The authors are indebted to Marty Anderies for feedbacks on the manuscript. The authors appreciate the constructive comments from the editor and two anonymous reviewers on the draft manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - This paper focuses on smallholders’ perceptions of environmental variability and its impacts, their responses, and the role of Water Users’ Associations (WUA) in governing the irrigation system in response to observed environmental changes. Our research recognizes that farmers’ adaptations emerge from placed-based experience, yet adaptation policy and programmes may not recognize the heterogeneity of place-based experience. Fifteen farmer-managed irrigation systems from five districts of Nepal were selected as research sites, representing different ecological regions. Data were collected from household surveys and key informant interviews; the quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Our study reveals that the perception of environmental change differs across the ecological gradients and irrigators’ physical position along the irrigation canals. Labour scarcity, investment in technology, access to non-farm income, information on environmental variability, and sociodemographic factors also influence irrigators’ perceptions. Irrigators responded by adjusting irrigation amounts, improving irrigation infrastructure and altering irrigation rules, and using local knowledge and technology. WUA assist irrigators by mobilizing labour for canal maintenance, managing water distribution, monitoring irrigation systems, and collecting service fees. Our finding supports policy initiatives that recognize the importance of WUA, the differential and situated experience of climate risk, and the need for place-specific adaptation options for Nepalese farmers.
AB - This paper focuses on smallholders’ perceptions of environmental variability and its impacts, their responses, and the role of Water Users’ Associations (WUA) in governing the irrigation system in response to observed environmental changes. Our research recognizes that farmers’ adaptations emerge from placed-based experience, yet adaptation policy and programmes may not recognize the heterogeneity of place-based experience. Fifteen farmer-managed irrigation systems from five districts of Nepal were selected as research sites, representing different ecological regions. Data were collected from household surveys and key informant interviews; the quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Our study reveals that the perception of environmental change differs across the ecological gradients and irrigators’ physical position along the irrigation canals. Labour scarcity, investment in technology, access to non-farm income, information on environmental variability, and sociodemographic factors also influence irrigators’ perceptions. Irrigators responded by adjusting irrigation amounts, improving irrigation infrastructure and altering irrigation rules, and using local knowledge and technology. WUA assist irrigators by mobilizing labour for canal maintenance, managing water distribution, monitoring irrigation systems, and collecting service fees. Our finding supports policy initiatives that recognize the importance of WUA, the differential and situated experience of climate risk, and the need for place-specific adaptation options for Nepalese farmers.
KW - Environmental variability
KW - adaptation
KW - institutions
KW - irrigation
KW - smallholders
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U2 - 10.1080/17565529.2020.1836468
DO - 10.1080/17565529.2020.1836468
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85095857741
SN - 1756-5529
VL - 13
SP - 563
EP - 580
JO - Climate and Development
JF - Climate and Development
IS - 7
ER -