Season-, sex-, and age-specific accumulation of plasma carotenoid pigments in free-ranging white-winged crossbills Loxia leucoptera

Agriculture & Biology

• Loxia 100%
• Leucoptera 93%
• carotenoids 47%
• pigments 43%
• gender 34%
• feathers 28%
• color 27%
• xanthophylls 25%
• plumage 21%
• immunomodulation 12%
• birds 11%
• zeaxanthin 11%
• lutein 10%
• age structure 9%
• pigmentation 9%
• molting 8%
• foraging 7%
• summer 6%
• insects 5%
• breeding 5%
• blood 5%
• seeds 4%
• diet 4%

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• carotenoid 70%
• pigment 54%
• plasma 43%
• feather 34%
• plumage 29%
• food 19%
• bird 15%
• molt 12%
• age class 10%
• breeding 9%
• annual variation 9%
• insect 8%
• diet 8%
• seed 8%
• blood 7%
• consumption 6%
• summer 5%