@article{6ba946701e5a4e7f97a5be76186bb18b,
title = "Rapid sample delivery for megahertz serial crystallography at X-ray FELs",
abstract = "Liquid microjets are a common means of delivering protein crystals to the focus of X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) for serial femtosecond crystallography measurements. The high X-ray intensity in the focus initiates an explosion of the microjet and sample. With the advent of X-ray FELs with megahertz rates, the typical velocities of these jets must be increased significantly in order to replenish the damaged material in time for the subsequent measurement with the next X-ray pulse. This work reports the results of a megahertz serial diffraction experiment at the FLASH FEL facility using 4.3 nm radiation. The operation of gas-dynamic nozzles that produce liquid microjets with velocities greater than 80 m s-1 was demonstrated. Furthermore, this article provides optical images of X-ray-induced explosions together with Bragg diffraction from protein microcrystals exposed to trains of X-ray pulses repeating at rates of up to 4.5 MHz. The results indicate the feasibility for megahertz serial crystallography measurements with hard X-rays and give guidance for the design of such experiments.",
keywords = "FELs, Megahertz repetition rates, X-ray FEL pulse trains, X-ray free-electron lasers",
author = "Wiedorn, {Max O.} and Salah Awel and Morgan, {Andrew J.} and Kartik Ayyer and Yaroslav Gevorkov and Holger Fleckenstein and Nils Roth and Luigi Adriano and Richard Bean and Beyerlein, {Kenneth R.} and Joe Chen and Jesse Coe and Francisco Cruz-Mazo and Tomas Ekeberg and Rita Graceffa and Michael Heymann and Horke, {Daniel A.} and Juraj Kno{\v s}ka and Valerio Mariani and Reza Nazari and Dominik Oberth{\"u}r and Samanta, {Amit K.} and Sierra, {Raymond G.} and Stan, {Claudiu A.} and Oleksandr Yefanov and Dimitrios Rompotis and Jonathan Correa and Benjamin Erk and Rolf Treusch and Joachim Schulz and Brenda Hogue and Ga{\~n}{\'a}n-Calvo, {Alfonso M.} and Petra Fromme and Jochen K{\"u}pper and Rode, {Andrei V.} and Sa{\v s}a Bajt and Richard Kirian and Chapman, {Henry N.}",
note = "Funding Information: In addition to DESY and support of the Helmholtz Association through project-oriented funds, this work has been supported by the excellence cluster {\textquoteleft}The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging–Structure, Dynamics and Control of Matter at the Atomic Scale{\textquoteright} of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CUI, DFG-EXC1074), the European Council under the European Union{\textquoteright}s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ 2007-2013) through the Consolidator Grant COMOTION (ERC-614507-K{\"u}pper), the Helmholtz Association {\textquoteleft}Initiative and Networking Fund{\textquoteright}, the Australian Research Council{\textquoteright}s Discovery Projects funding scheme (DP170100131), the ERC grant {\textquoteleft}Frontiers in Attosecond X-ray Science: Imaging and Spectroscopy{\textquoteright} (AXSIS, ERC-2013-SyG 609920), the Helmholtz Association Virtual Institute {\textquoteleft}Dynamic Pathways in Multidimensional Landscapes{\textquoteright} (VI 419), the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft, the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness under grant DPI2016-78887, and the NSF STC Award {\textquoteleft}BioXFEL{\textquoteright} (1231306). Funding Information: This work was carried out at FLASH at DESY, a member of the Helmholtz Association (HGF). We would like to thank F. Wilde and J. Hammel from the P05 Imaging Beamline at the synchrotron facility PETRA III (DESY, Hamburg) for their help with the tomographic images of the nozzles. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 International Union of Crystallography. All rights reserved.",
year = "2018",
doi = "10.1107/S2052252518008369",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "5",
pages = "574--584",
journal = "IUCrJ",
issn = "2052-2525",
publisher = "International Union of Crystallography",
}