Abstract
Paleoclimate reconstructions have enhanced our understanding of how past climates have shaped present-day biodiversity. We hypothesize that the geographic extent of Pleistocene forest refugia and suitable habitat fluctuated significantly in time during the late Quaternary for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Using bioclimatic variables representing monthly temperature and precipitation estimates, past human population density data, and an extensive database of georeferenced presence points, we built a model of changing habitat suitability for chimpanzees at fine spatio-temporal scales dating back to the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). Our models cover a spatial resolution of 0.0467° (approximately 5.19 km2 grid cells) and a temporal resolution of between 1000 and 4000 years. Using our model, we mapped habitat stability over time using three approaches, comparing our modeled stability estimates to existing knowledge of Afrotropical refugia, as well as contemporary patterns of major keystone tropical food resources used by chimpanzees, figs (Moraceae), and palms (Arecacae). Results show habitat stability congruent with known glacial refugia across Africa, suggesting their extents may have been underestimated for chimpanzees, with potentially up to approximately 60,000 km2 of previously unrecognized glacial refugia. The refugia we highlight coincide with higher species richness for figs and palms. Our results provide spatio-temporally explicit insights into the role of refugia across the chimpanzee range, forming the empirical foundation for developing and testing hypotheses about behavioral, ecological, and genetic diversity with additional data. This methodology can be applied to other species and geographic areas when sufficient data are available.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Article number | e23320 |
| Journal | American Journal of Primatology |
| Volume | 83 |
| Issue number | 10 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Oct 2021 |
Keywords
- Africa
- diversification
- ensemble
- paleoclimate
- species distribution modeling
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
- Animal Science and Zoology
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Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). / Barratt, Christopher D.; Lester, Jack D.; Gratton, Paolo et al.
In: American Journal of Primatology, Vol. 83, No. 10, e23320, 10.2021.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP)
AU - Barratt, Christopher D.
AU - Lester, Jack D.
AU - Gratton, Paolo
AU - Onstein, Renske E.
AU - Kalan, Ammie K.
AU - McCarthy, Maureen S.
AU - Bocksberger, Gaëlle
AU - White, Lauren C.
AU - Vigilant, Linda
AU - Dieguez, Paula
AU - Abdulai, Barrie
AU - Aebischer, Thierry
AU - Agbor, Anthony
AU - Assumang, Alfred K.
AU - Bailey, Emma
AU - Bessone, Mattia
AU - Buys, Bartelijntje
AU - Carvalho, Joana S.
AU - Chancellor, Rebecca
AU - Cohen, Heather
AU - Danquah, Emmanuel
AU - Deschner, Tobias
AU - Dongmo, Zacharie N.
AU - Doumbé, Osiris A.
AU - Dupain, Jef
AU - Duvall, Chris S.
AU - Eno-Nku, Manasseh
AU - Etoga, Gilles
AU - Galat-Luong, Anh
AU - Garriga, Rosa
AU - Gatti, Sylvain
AU - Ghiurghi, Andrea
AU - Goedmakers, Annemarie
AU - Granjon, Anne Céline
AU - Hakizimana, Dismas
AU - Head, Josephine
AU - Hedwig, Daniela
AU - Herbinger, Ilka
AU - Hermans, Veerle
AU - Jones, Sorrel
AU - Junker, Jessica
AU - Kadam, Parag
AU - Kambi, Mohamed
AU - Kienast, Ivonne
AU - Kouakou, Célestin Y.
AU - N′Goran, Kouamé P.
AU - Langergraber, Kevin E.
AU - Lapuente, Juan
AU - Laudisoit, Anne
AU - Lee, Kevin C.
AU - Maisels, Fiona
AU - Mirghani, Nadia
AU - Moore, Deborah
AU - Morgan, Bethan
AU - Morgan, David
AU - Neil, Emily
AU - Nicholl, Sonia
AU - Nkembi, Louis
AU - Ntongho, Anne
AU - Orbell, Christopher
AU - Ormsby, Lucy Jayne
AU - Pacheco, Liliana
AU - Piel, Alex K.
AU - Pintea, Lilian
AU - Plumptre, Andrew J.
AU - Rundus, Aaron
AU - Sanz, Crickette
AU - Sommer, Volker
AU - Sop, Tenekwetche
AU - Stewart, Fiona A.
AU - Sunderland-Groves, Jacqueline
AU - Tagg, Nikki
AU - Todd, Angelique
AU - Ton, Els
AU - van Schijndel, Joost
AU - VanLeeuwe, Hilde
AU - Vendras, Elleni
AU - Welsh, Adam
AU - Wenceslau, José F.C.
AU - Wessling, Erin G.
AU - Willie, Jacob
AU - Wittig, Roman M.
AU - Yoshihiro, Nakashima
AU - Yuh, Yisa Ginath
AU - Yurkiw, Kyle
AU - Boesch, Christophe
AU - Arandjelovic, Mimi
AU - Kühl, Hjalmar
N1 - Funding Information: We are indebted to several organizations including the Rwanda Development Board, Rwanda, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Gabon, Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Áreas Protegidas (IBAP), Guinea‐Bissau, Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique and the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves of Côte d'Ivoire, Ministère des Forêts et de La Faune, Cameroon, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ministère de la Recherche Scientifique, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, Sierra Leone, Forestry Development Authority of Liberia, Liberia and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). We would also like to acknowledge numerous individuals for valuable input to this project: Ekwoge E. Abwe, Samuel Angedakin, Floris Aubert, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, Nsengiyumva Barakabuye, Donatienne Barubiyo, Barca Benjamin, Richard Bergl, Anna Binczik, Hedwige Boesch, Matthieu Bonnet, Terry Brncic, Damien Caillaud, Kenneth Cameron, Genevieve Campbell, Chloe Cipoletta, Katherine Corogenes, Charlotte Coupland, Pauwel De Wachter, Karsten Dierks, Emmanuel Dilambaka, Dervla Dowd, Andrew Dunn, Villard Ebot Egbe, Atanga Ekobo, J. Michael Fay, Joel Gamys, Jessica Ganas, Nicolas Granier, Liz Greengrass, John Hart, David Hebditch of Hummingbird Resources, Cleve Hicks, Annika Hillers, Inaoyom Imong, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Mbangi Kambere, W. Daniel Kissling, Noelle Kumpel, Deo Kujirakwinja, Vincent Lapeyre, Bradley Larson, Stephanie Latour, Vera Leinert, Paul Marchesi, Giovanna Maretti, Sergio Marrocoli, Rumen Martín, Amelia Meier, Felix Mulindahabi, Mizuki Murai, Stuart Nixon, Protais Niyigaba, Louis Nkembi, Emmanuelle Normand, Nicolas Ntare, Leonidas Nzigiyimpa, Robinson Orume, Leon Payne, Charles Petre, Kathryn Phillips, Jodie Preece, Frank Princee, Sebastien Regnaut, Alexis Kalinda Salumu, Emma Stokes, Alexander Tickle, Clement Tweh, Jeremy VanDerWal, Virginie Vergnes, Magloire Kambale Vyalengerera, Ymke Warren, Klaus Zuberbühler. CDB, REO, HSK further acknowledge the support of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—FZT 118. This project has been partially conducted in the framework of the iDiv‐Flexpool—the internal funding mechanism of iDiv. The scientific results have been computed at the High‐Performance Computing (HPC) Cluster EVE, a joint effort of both the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ ( http://www.ufz.de/ ) and the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig ( http://www.idiv.de/ ). Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Funding Information: We are indebted to several organizations including the Rwanda Development Board, Rwanda, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Gabon, Instituto da Biodiversidade e das ?reas Protegidas (IBAP), Guinea-Bissau, Minist?re de l'Enseignement Sup?rieur et de la Recherche Scientifique and the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et R?serves of C?te d'Ivoire, Minist?re des For?ts et de La Faune, Cameroon, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Minist?re de la Recherche Scientifique, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, Sierra Leone, Forestry Development Authority of Liberia, Liberia and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). We would also like to acknowledge numerous individuals for valuable input to this project: Ekwoge E. Abwe, Samuel Angedakin, Floris Aubert, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, Nsengiyumva Barakabuye, Donatienne Barubiyo, Barca Benjamin, Richard Bergl, Anna Binczik, Hedwige Boesch, Matthieu Bonnet, Terry Brncic, Damien Caillaud, Kenneth Cameron, Genevieve Campbell, Chloe Cipoletta, Katherine Corogenes, Charlotte Coupland, Pauwel De Wachter, Karsten Dierks, Emmanuel Dilambaka, Dervla Dowd, Andrew Dunn, Villard Ebot Egbe, Atanga Ekobo, J. Michael Fay, Joel Gamys, Jessica Ganas, Nicolas Granier, Liz Greengrass, John Hart, David Hebditch of Hummingbird Resources, Cleve Hicks, Annika Hillers, Inaoyom Imong, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Mbangi Kambere, W. Daniel Kissling, Noelle Kumpel, Deo Kujirakwinja, Vincent Lapeyre, Bradley Larson, Stephanie Latour, Vera Leinert, Paul Marchesi, Giovanna Maretti, Sergio Marrocoli, Rumen Mart?n, Amelia Meier, Felix Mulindahabi, Mizuki Murai, Stuart Nixon, Protais Niyigaba, Louis Nkembi, Emmanuelle Normand, Nicolas Ntare, Leonidas Nzigiyimpa, Robinson Orume, Leon Payne, Charles Petre, Kathryn Phillips, Jodie Preece, Frank Princee, Sebastien Regnaut, Alexis Kalinda Salumu, Emma Stokes, Alexander Tickle, Clement Tweh, Jeremy VanDerWal, Virginie Vergnes, Magloire Kambale Vyalengerera, Ymke Warren, Klaus Zuberb?hler. CDB, REO, HSK further acknowledge the support of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)?FZT 118. This project has been partially conducted in the framework of the iDiv-Flexpool?the internal funding mechanism of iDiv. The scientific results have been computed at the High-Performance Computing (HPC) Cluster EVE, a joint effort of both the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ (http://www.ufz.de/) and the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (http://www.idiv.de/). Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. American Journal of Primatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
PY - 2021/10
Y1 - 2021/10
N2 - Paleoclimate reconstructions have enhanced our understanding of how past climates have shaped present-day biodiversity. We hypothesize that the geographic extent of Pleistocene forest refugia and suitable habitat fluctuated significantly in time during the late Quaternary for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Using bioclimatic variables representing monthly temperature and precipitation estimates, past human population density data, and an extensive database of georeferenced presence points, we built a model of changing habitat suitability for chimpanzees at fine spatio-temporal scales dating back to the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). Our models cover a spatial resolution of 0.0467° (approximately 5.19 km2 grid cells) and a temporal resolution of between 1000 and 4000 years. Using our model, we mapped habitat stability over time using three approaches, comparing our modeled stability estimates to existing knowledge of Afrotropical refugia, as well as contemporary patterns of major keystone tropical food resources used by chimpanzees, figs (Moraceae), and palms (Arecacae). Results show habitat stability congruent with known glacial refugia across Africa, suggesting their extents may have been underestimated for chimpanzees, with potentially up to approximately 60,000 km2 of previously unrecognized glacial refugia. The refugia we highlight coincide with higher species richness for figs and palms. Our results provide spatio-temporally explicit insights into the role of refugia across the chimpanzee range, forming the empirical foundation for developing and testing hypotheses about behavioral, ecological, and genetic diversity with additional data. This methodology can be applied to other species and geographic areas when sufficient data are available.
AB - Paleoclimate reconstructions have enhanced our understanding of how past climates have shaped present-day biodiversity. We hypothesize that the geographic extent of Pleistocene forest refugia and suitable habitat fluctuated significantly in time during the late Quaternary for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Using bioclimatic variables representing monthly temperature and precipitation estimates, past human population density data, and an extensive database of georeferenced presence points, we built a model of changing habitat suitability for chimpanzees at fine spatio-temporal scales dating back to the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). Our models cover a spatial resolution of 0.0467° (approximately 5.19 km2 grid cells) and a temporal resolution of between 1000 and 4000 years. Using our model, we mapped habitat stability over time using three approaches, comparing our modeled stability estimates to existing knowledge of Afrotropical refugia, as well as contemporary patterns of major keystone tropical food resources used by chimpanzees, figs (Moraceae), and palms (Arecacae). Results show habitat stability congruent with known glacial refugia across Africa, suggesting their extents may have been underestimated for chimpanzees, with potentially up to approximately 60,000 km2 of previously unrecognized glacial refugia. The refugia we highlight coincide with higher species richness for figs and palms. Our results provide spatio-temporally explicit insights into the role of refugia across the chimpanzee range, forming the empirical foundation for developing and testing hypotheses about behavioral, ecological, and genetic diversity with additional data. This methodology can be applied to other species and geographic areas when sufficient data are available.
KW - Africa
KW - diversification
KW - ensemble
KW - paleoclimate
KW - species distribution modeling
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85112547957&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85112547957&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/ajp.23320
DO - 10.1002/ajp.23320
M3 - Article
C2 - 34402081
AN - SCOPUS:85112547957
VL - 83
JO - American Journal of Primatology
JF - American Journal of Primatology
SN - 0275-2565
IS - 10
M1 - e23320
ER -