@article{b9d8ae4307aa44a597dc0e9779f2e999,
title = "Quantitative Determination of Moisture Content in Solar Modules by Short-Wave Infrared Reflectometry",
abstract = "A short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectometry method is developed to quantify the water content in solar modules in a noncontact approach. Water content has been implicated as a key factor in many module degradation pathways, including contact corrosion and yellowing. Despite these established issues, to date no robust method for quantitative in situ determination of water content in standard modules is available. The water reflectometry detection (WaRD) method provides this capability by leveraging the SWIR optical spectrum, in which water exhibits vibrational absorption bands, module components are highly transparent, and solar cell back reflectors are reflective. Here, we describe the operating principle and demonstrate measurement of moisture in encapsulated aluminum back surface field and passivated-emitter rear contact architectures over the full range of temperatures and relative humidity relevant to field operation and damp heat testing.",
keywords = "Characterization, degradation, ingress, module, moisture",
author = "Kumar, {Rishi E.} and Gastrow, {Guillaume Von} and Joswin Leslie and Rico Meier and Bertoni, {Mariana I.} and Fenning, {David P.}",
note = "Funding Information: Manuscript received June 4, 2019; revised August 1, 2019; accepted August 18, 2019. Date of publication October 1, 2019; date of current version October 28, 2019. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under Solar Energy Technologies Office Agreement DE-EE0008160. (Corresponding author: David P. Fenning.) R. E. Kumar, G. von Gastrow, and D. P. Fenning are with the Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, 92093-0403, United States (e-mail: rek010@eng.ucsd.edu; guillaume.gastrow@gmail.com; dfenning@eng.ucsd.edu). Funding Information: The authors would like to thank A. Mannodi and M. K. Chan from the Center for Nanoscale Materials at Argonne National Laboratory for their helpful discussion and DFT modeling efforts throughout the duration of this work. Encapsulation Materials were provides by the Durable Modules Consortium (DuraMAT), an Energy Materials Network Consortium funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Office. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2011-2012 IEEE.",
year = "2019",
month = nov,
doi = "10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2938108",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "9",
pages = "1748--1753",
journal = "IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics",
issn = "2156-3381",
publisher = "IEEE Electron Devices Society",
number = "6",
}