Prevalence and patterns of academic enabling behaviors: An analysis of teachers' and students' ratings for a national sample of students

Academic enabling behaviors play a significant role in the development of academically competent students. Academic enablers are behaviors that facilitate learning such as social skills, study skills, motivation, and engagement. In this study, teacher and student ratings were used to describe the academic enablers of a nationally representative sample of 2,060 K-12 students. Differences in academic enablers were also examined for students who differed according to their educational status (i.e., general education, at-risk, and learning disability) and sex. Teacher ratings indicated that students without disabilities demonstrated higher levels of academic enablers than students with disabilities and students at-risk. Teacher ratings also indicated that female students demonstrated academic enablers more frequently than male students. Student self-ratings indicated that students without disabilities exhibited academic enablers more frequently than students with disabilities. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.