@article{be5297ab5ff243e097be957784fb6e02,
title = "Peptidoglycan Production by an Insect-Bacterial Mosaic",
abstract = "Peptidoglycan (PG) is a defining feature of bacteria, involved in cell division, shape, and integrity. We previously reported that several genes related to PG biosynthesis were horizontally transferred from bacteria to the nuclear genome of mealybugs. Mealybugs are notable for containing a nested bacteria-within-bacterium endosymbiotic structure in specialized insect cells, where one bacterium, Moranella, lives in the cytoplasm of another bacterium, Tremblaya. Here we show that horizontally transferred genes on the mealybug genome work together with genes retained on the Moranella genome to produce a PG layer exclusively at the Moranella cell periphery. Furthermore, we show that an insect protein encoded by a horizontally transferred gene of bacterial origin is transported into the Moranella cytoplasm. These results provide a striking parallel to the genetic and biochemical mosaicism found in organelles, and prove that multiple horizontally transferred genes can become integrated into a functional pathway distributed between animal and bacterial endosymbiont genomes.",
author = "Bublitz, {De Anna C.} and Chadwick, {Grayson L.} and Magyar, {John S.} and Sandoz, {Kelsi M.} and Brooks, {Diane M.} and St{\'e}phane Mesnage and Ladinsky, {Mark S.} and Garber, {Arkadiy I.} and Bjorkman, {Pamela J.} and Orphan, {Victoria J.} and McCutcheon, {John P.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank Bil Clemons for helpful discussions about PG; Denghui David Xing of the University of Montana Genomics Core for sequencing expertise; Carol Garland, Matthew Hunt, and the Caltech Kavli Nanoscience Institute for aid in maintaining the TF-30 electron microscope; and the Gordon and Betty Moore and Beckman Foundations for gifts to Caltech to support electron microscopy. PG Mass spectrometry analyses were performed by the biOMICS Facility of the Faculty of Science Mass Spectrometry Centre at the University of Sheffield. We thank Adelina E. Acosta-Martin and Ankur Patel for their help with peptidoglycan analyses. This work was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF5602), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astrobiology Institute (NNA15BB04A), the National Science Foundation (IOS-1553529), and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/N000951/1 and 2058718). D.C.B.: conceptualization, investigation, analysis, methodology, validation, visualization, and writing; G.L.C. and J.S.M.: investigation, methodology, analysis, validation, visualization, and writing; K.M.S.: conceptualization, analysis, methodology, investigation, resources, and writing; S.M.: analysis, methodology, resources, software, and writing; D.M.B.: investigation, methodology, and visualization; M.S.L.: investigation, methodology, resources, validation, and visualization; A.I.G.: data curation, analysis, investigation, software, and visualization; P.J.B.: methodology, resources, and administration; V.J.O.: conceptualization, funding acquisition, resources, and administration; J.P.M.: conceptualization, funding acquisition, administration, resources, visualization, and writing. The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Information: We thank Bil Clemons for helpful discussions about PG; Denghui David Xing of the University of Montana Genomics Core for sequencing expertise; Carol Garland, Matthew Hunt, and the Caltech Kavli Nanoscience Institute for aid in maintaining the TF-30 electron microscope; and the Gordon and Betty Moore and Beckman Foundations for gifts to Caltech to support electron microscopy. PG Mass spectrometry analyses were performed by the biOMICS Facility of the Faculty of Science Mass Spectrometry Centre at the University of Sheffield. We thank Adelina E. Acosta-Martin and Ankur Patel for their help with peptidoglycan analyses. This work was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation ( GBMF5602 ), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Astrobiology Institute ( NNA15BB04A ), the National Science Foundation ( IOS-1553529 ), and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council ( BB/N000951/1 and 2058718 ). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 The Author(s)",
year = "2019",
month = oct,
day = "17",
doi = "10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.054",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "179",
pages = "703--712.e7",
journal = "Cell",
issn = "0092-8674",
publisher = "Cell Press",
number = "3",
}