TY - JOUR
T1 - Oxidation of organics in retentates from reverse osmosis wastewater reuse facilities
AU - Westerhoff, Paul
AU - Moon, Hye
AU - Minakata, Daisuke
AU - Crittenden, John
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by WateReuse Foundation Project 05-10 and managed by Anna Durden.
PY - 2009/9
Y1 - 2009/9
N2 - The use of membrane processes for wastewater treatment and reuse is rapidly expanding. Organic, inorganic, and biological constituents are effectively removed by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes, but concentrate in membrane retentates Disposal of membrane concentrates is a growing concern. Applying advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to RO retentate is logical because extensive treatment and energy inputs were expended to concentrate the organics, and it is cheaper to treat smaller flowstreams. AOPs (e.g., UV irradiation in the presence of titanium dioxide; UV/TiO2) can remove a high percentage of organic matter from RO retentates. The combination of AOPs and a simple biological system (e.g., sand filter) can remove higher levels of organic matter at lower UV dosages because AOPs produce biologically degradable material (e.g., organic acids) that have low hydroxyl radical rate constants, meaning that their oxidation, rather than that of the primary organic matter in the RO retentate, dictates the required UV energy inputs. At the highest applied UV dose (10 kWh m-3), the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the RO retentate decreased from ∼40 to 8 mg L-1, of which approximately 6 mg L-1 were readily biologically degradable. Therefore, after combined UV treatment and biodegradation, the final DOC concentration was 2 mg L-1, representing a 91% removal. These results suggest that UV/TiO2 plus biodegradation of RO retentates is feasible and would significantly reduce the organic pollutant loading into the environment from wastewater reuse facilities.
AB - The use of membrane processes for wastewater treatment and reuse is rapidly expanding. Organic, inorganic, and biological constituents are effectively removed by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes, but concentrate in membrane retentates Disposal of membrane concentrates is a growing concern. Applying advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to RO retentate is logical because extensive treatment and energy inputs were expended to concentrate the organics, and it is cheaper to treat smaller flowstreams. AOPs (e.g., UV irradiation in the presence of titanium dioxide; UV/TiO2) can remove a high percentage of organic matter from RO retentates. The combination of AOPs and a simple biological system (e.g., sand filter) can remove higher levels of organic matter at lower UV dosages because AOPs produce biologically degradable material (e.g., organic acids) that have low hydroxyl radical rate constants, meaning that their oxidation, rather than that of the primary organic matter in the RO retentate, dictates the required UV energy inputs. At the highest applied UV dose (10 kWh m-3), the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the RO retentate decreased from ∼40 to 8 mg L-1, of which approximately 6 mg L-1 were readily biologically degradable. Therefore, after combined UV treatment and biodegradation, the final DOC concentration was 2 mg L-1, representing a 91% removal. These results suggest that UV/TiO2 plus biodegradation of RO retentates is feasible and would significantly reduce the organic pollutant loading into the environment from wastewater reuse facilities.
KW - Advanced oxidation process
KW - Dissolved organic matter
KW - Hydroxyl radical
KW - Ozone
KW - Pharmaceutical
KW - Ultraviolet
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U2 - 10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.010
DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.010
M3 - Article
C2 - 19450863
AN - SCOPUS:69649086409
SN - 0043-1354
VL - 43
SP - 3992
EP - 3998
JO - Water Research
JF - Water Research
IS - 16
ER -