TY - JOUR
T1 - Occurrence of bisphenol a diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs) and novolac glycidyl ethers (NOGEs) in archived biosolids from the U.S. EPA's targeted national sewage sludge survey
AU - Xue, Jingchuan
AU - Venkatesan, Arjun K.
AU - Wu, Qian
AU - Halden, Rolf
AU - Kannan, Kurunthachalam
PY - 2015/6/2
Y1 - 2015/6/2
N2 - Epoxy resins incorporating bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and novolac glycidyl ether (NOGE) are used in a wide range of applications, including adhesives, structural and electrical laminates. However, little is known about the occurrence of BADGE, NOGE, and their derivatives in the environment. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, BADGE, bisphenol F glycidyl ether (BFDGE), 3-ring NOGE, and eight of their derivatives (BADGE·2 H2O, BADGE·H2O, BADGE·HCl·H2O, BADGE·2 HCl, BADGE·HCl, BFDGE·2 H2O, and BFDGE·2 HCl) were determined in archived biosolid samples collected from 68 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from the northeastern, midwestern, western, and southern regions of the USA. BADGE·2 H2O was the most frequently detected (DR = 99%) and the most abundant compound found (median: 93.6 ng/g dry weight [dw]) in this family. The highest total concentrations of target chemicals, ranging from 83.6 to 2490 ng/g dw, were found in biosolids collected from the northeastern United States. The sum of geometric mean (GM) concentration of BADGE, NOGE, and their derivatives in biosolids increased with the treatment capacity of WWTPs. Based on the measured concentrations in biosolids and predicted mass in wastewater, it was estimated that approximately 3.5% of the total production of BADGEs was emitted through WWTP discharges.
AB - Epoxy resins incorporating bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and novolac glycidyl ether (NOGE) are used in a wide range of applications, including adhesives, structural and electrical laminates. However, little is known about the occurrence of BADGE, NOGE, and their derivatives in the environment. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, BADGE, bisphenol F glycidyl ether (BFDGE), 3-ring NOGE, and eight of their derivatives (BADGE·2 H2O, BADGE·H2O, BADGE·HCl·H2O, BADGE·2 HCl, BADGE·HCl, BFDGE·2 H2O, and BFDGE·2 HCl) were determined in archived biosolid samples collected from 68 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from the northeastern, midwestern, western, and southern regions of the USA. BADGE·2 H2O was the most frequently detected (DR = 99%) and the most abundant compound found (median: 93.6 ng/g dry weight [dw]) in this family. The highest total concentrations of target chemicals, ranging from 83.6 to 2490 ng/g dw, were found in biosolids collected from the northeastern United States. The sum of geometric mean (GM) concentration of BADGE, NOGE, and their derivatives in biosolids increased with the treatment capacity of WWTPs. Based on the measured concentrations in biosolids and predicted mass in wastewater, it was estimated that approximately 3.5% of the total production of BADGEs was emitted through WWTP discharges.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84930622643&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84930622643&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.5b01115
DO - 10.1021/acs.est.5b01115
M3 - Article
C2 - 25922885
AN - SCOPUS:84930622643
SN - 0013-936X
VL - 49
SP - 6538
EP - 6544
JO - Environmental Science and Technology
JF - Environmental Science and Technology
IS - 11
ER -