Neutral Iron Emission Lines from the Dayside of KELT-9b: The GAPS Program with HARPS-N at TNG XX

Lorenzo Pino; Jean Michel Désert; Matteo Brogi; Luca Malavolta; Aurélien Wyttenbach; Michael Line; Jens Hoeijmakers; Luca Fossati; Aldo Stefano Bonomo; Valerio Nascimbeni; Vatsal Panwar; Laura Affer; Serena Benatti; Katia Biazzo; Andrea Bignamini; Franscesco Borsa; Ilaria Carleo; Riccardo Claudi; Rosario Cosentino; Elvira Covino; Mario Damasso; Silvano Desidera; Paolo Giacobbe; Avet Harutyunyan; Antonino Francesco Lanza; Giuseppe Leto; Antonio Maggio; Jesus Maldonado; Luigi Mancini; Giuseppina Micela; Emilio Molinari; Isabella Pagano; Giampaolo Piotto; Ennio Poretti; Monica Rainer; Gaetano Scandariato; Alessandro Sozzetti; Romain Allart; Luca Borsato; Giovanni Bruno; Luca Di Fabrizio; David Ehrenreich; Aldo Fiorenzano; Giuseppe Frustagli; Baptiste Lavie; Christophe Lovis; Antonio Magazz; Domenico Nardiello; Marco Pedani; Riccardo Smareglia

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab8c44

Neutral Iron Emission Lines from the Dayside of KELT-9b: The GAPS Program with HARPS-N at TNG XX

Lorenzo Pino, Jean Michel Désert, Matteo Brogi, Luca Malavolta, Aurélien Wyttenbach, Michael Line, Jens Hoeijmakers, Luca Fossati, Aldo Stefano Bonomo, Valerio Nascimbeni, Vatsal Panwar, Laura Affer, Serena Benatti, Katia Biazzo, Andrea Bignamini, Franscesco Borsa, Ilaria Carleo, Riccardo Claudi, Rosario Cosentino, Elvira CovinoMario Damasso, Silvano Desidera, Paolo Giacobbe, Avet Harutyunyan, Antonino Francesco Lanza, Giuseppe Leto, Antonio Maggio, Jesus Maldonado, Luigi Mancini, Giuseppina Micela, Emilio Molinari, Isabella Pagano, Giampaolo Piotto, Ennio Poretti, Monica Rainer, Gaetano Scandariato, Alessandro Sozzetti, Romain Allart, Luca Borsato, Giovanni Bruno, Luca Di Fabrizio, David Ehrenreich, Aldo Fiorenzano, Giuseppe Frustagli, Baptiste Lavie, Christophe Lovis, Antonio Magazz, Domenico Nardiello, Marco Pedani, Riccardo Smareglia

Earth and Space Exploration, School of (SESE)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

81 Scopus citations

Abstract

We present the first detection of atomic emission lines from the atmosphere of an exoplanet. We detect neutral iron lines from the dayside of KELT-9b (T _eq ∼ 4000 K). We combined thousands of spectrally resolved lines observed during one night with the HARPS-N spectrograph (R ∼ 115,000), mounted at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. We introduce a novel statistical approach to extract the planetary parameters from the binary mask cross-correlation analysis. We also adapt the concept of contribution function to the context of high spectral resolution observations, to identify the location in the planetary atmosphere where the detected emission originates. The average planetary line profile intersected by a stellar G2 binary mask was found in emission with a contrast of 84 14 ppm relative to the planetary plus stellar continuum (40% 5% relative to the planetary continuum only). This result unambiguously indicates the presence of an atmospheric thermal inversion. Finally, assuming a modeled temperature profile previously published, we show that an iron abundance consistent with a few times the stellar value explains the data well. In this scenario, the iron emission originates at the 10^-3-10^-5 bar level.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	L27
Journal	Astrophysical Journal Letters
Volume	894
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8c44
State	Published - May 10 2020

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

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Pino, L., Désert, J. M., Brogi, M., Malavolta, L., Wyttenbach, A., Line, M., Hoeijmakers, J., Fossati, L., Bonomo, A. S., Nascimbeni, V., Panwar, V., Affer, L., Benatti, S., Biazzo, K., Bignamini, A., Borsa, F., Carleo, I., Claudi, R., Cosentino, R., ... Smareglia, R. (2020). Neutral Iron Emission Lines from the Dayside of KELT-9b: The GAPS Program with HARPS-N at TNG XX. Astrophysical Journal Letters, 894(2), Article L27. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8c44

Pino, L, Désert, JM, Brogi, M, Malavolta, L, Wyttenbach, A, Line, M, Hoeijmakers, J, Fossati, L, Bonomo, AS, Nascimbeni, V, Panwar, V, Affer, L, Benatti, S, Biazzo, K, Bignamini, A, Borsa, F, Carleo, I, Claudi, R, Cosentino, R, Covino, E, Damasso, M, Desidera, S, Giacobbe, P, Harutyunyan, A, Lanza, AF, Leto, G, Maggio, A, Maldonado, J, Mancini, L, Micela, G, Molinari, E, Pagano, I, Piotto, G, Poretti, E, Rainer, M, Scandariato, G, Sozzetti, A, Allart, R, Borsato, L, Bruno, G, Fabrizio, LD, Ehrenreich, D, Fiorenzano, A, Frustagli, G, Lavie, B, Lovis, C, Magazz, A, Nardiello, D, Pedani, M & Smareglia, R 2020, 'Neutral Iron Emission Lines from the Dayside of KELT-9b: The GAPS Program with HARPS-N at TNG XX', Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 894, no. 2, L27. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8c44

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title = "Neutral Iron Emission Lines from the Dayside of KELT-9b: The GAPS Program with HARPS-N at TNG XX",

abstract = "We present the first detection of atomic emission lines from the atmosphere of an exoplanet. We detect neutral iron lines from the dayside of KELT-9b (T eq ∼ 4000 K). We combined thousands of spectrally resolved lines observed during one night with the HARPS-N spectrograph (R ∼ 115,000), mounted at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. We introduce a novel statistical approach to extract the planetary parameters from the binary mask cross-correlation analysis. We also adapt the concept of contribution function to the context of high spectral resolution observations, to identify the location in the planetary atmosphere where the detected emission originates. The average planetary line profile intersected by a stellar G2 binary mask was found in emission with a contrast of 84 14 ppm relative to the planetary plus stellar continuum (40% 5% relative to the planetary continuum only). This result unambiguously indicates the presence of an atmospheric thermal inversion. Finally, assuming a modeled temperature profile previously published, we show that an iron abundance consistent with a few times the stellar value explains the data well. In this scenario, the iron emission originates at the 10-3-10-5 bar level.",

author = "Lorenzo Pino and D{\'e}sert, {Jean Michel} and Matteo Brogi and Luca Malavolta and Aur{\'e}lien Wyttenbach and Michael Line and Jens Hoeijmakers and Luca Fossati and Bonomo, {Aldo Stefano} and Valerio Nascimbeni and Vatsal Panwar and Laura Affer and Serena Benatti and Katia Biazzo and Andrea Bignamini and Franscesco Borsa and Ilaria Carleo and Riccardo Claudi and Rosario Cosentino and Elvira Covino and Mario Damasso and Silvano Desidera and Paolo Giacobbe and Avet Harutyunyan and Lanza, {Antonino Francesco} and Giuseppe Leto and Antonio Maggio and Jesus Maldonado and Luigi Mancini and Giuseppina Micela and Emilio Molinari and Isabella Pagano and Giampaolo Piotto and Ennio Poretti and Monica Rainer and Gaetano Scandariato and Alessandro Sozzetti and Romain Allart and Luca Borsato and Giovanni Bruno and Fabrizio, {Luca Di} and David Ehrenreich and Aldo Fiorenzano and Giuseppe Frustagli and Baptiste Lavie and Christophe Lovis and Antonio Magazz and Domenico Nardiello and Marco Pedani and Riccardo Smareglia",

year = "2020",

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doi = "10.3847/2041-8213/ab8c44",

language = "English (US)",

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T1 - Neutral Iron Emission Lines from the Dayside of KELT-9b

T2 - The GAPS Program with HARPS-N at TNG XX

AU - Pino, Lorenzo

AU - Désert, Jean Michel

AU - Brogi, Matteo

AU - Malavolta, Luca

AU - Wyttenbach, Aurélien

AU - Line, Michael

AU - Hoeijmakers, Jens

AU - Fossati, Luca

AU - Bonomo, Aldo Stefano

AU - Nascimbeni, Valerio

AU - Panwar, Vatsal

AU - Affer, Laura

AU - Benatti, Serena

AU - Biazzo, Katia

AU - Bignamini, Andrea

AU - Borsa, Franscesco

AU - Carleo, Ilaria

AU - Claudi, Riccardo

AU - Cosentino, Rosario

AU - Covino, Elvira

AU - Damasso, Mario

AU - Desidera, Silvano

AU - Giacobbe, Paolo

AU - Harutyunyan, Avet

AU - Lanza, Antonino Francesco

AU - Leto, Giuseppe

AU - Maggio, Antonio

AU - Maldonado, Jesus

AU - Mancini, Luigi

AU - Micela, Giuseppina

AU - Molinari, Emilio

AU - Pagano, Isabella

AU - Piotto, Giampaolo

AU - Poretti, Ennio

AU - Rainer, Monica

AU - Scandariato, Gaetano

AU - Sozzetti, Alessandro

AU - Allart, Romain

AU - Borsato, Luca

AU - Bruno, Giovanni

AU - Fabrizio, Luca Di

AU - Ehrenreich, David

AU - Fiorenzano, Aldo

AU - Frustagli, Giuseppe

AU - Lavie, Baptiste

AU - Lovis, Christophe

AU - Magazz, Antonio

AU - Nardiello, Domenico

AU - Pedani, Marco

AU - Smareglia, Riccardo

PY - 2020/5/10

Y1 - 2020/5/10

N2 - We present the first detection of atomic emission lines from the atmosphere of an exoplanet. We detect neutral iron lines from the dayside of KELT-9b (T eq ∼ 4000 K). We combined thousands of spectrally resolved lines observed during one night with the HARPS-N spectrograph (R ∼ 115,000), mounted at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. We introduce a novel statistical approach to extract the planetary parameters from the binary mask cross-correlation analysis. We also adapt the concept of contribution function to the context of high spectral resolution observations, to identify the location in the planetary atmosphere where the detected emission originates. The average planetary line profile intersected by a stellar G2 binary mask was found in emission with a contrast of 84 14 ppm relative to the planetary plus stellar continuum (40% 5% relative to the planetary continuum only). This result unambiguously indicates the presence of an atmospheric thermal inversion. Finally, assuming a modeled temperature profile previously published, we show that an iron abundance consistent with a few times the stellar value explains the data well. In this scenario, the iron emission originates at the 10-3-10-5 bar level.

AB - We present the first detection of atomic emission lines from the atmosphere of an exoplanet. We detect neutral iron lines from the dayside of KELT-9b (T eq ∼ 4000 K). We combined thousands of spectrally resolved lines observed during one night with the HARPS-N spectrograph (R ∼ 115,000), mounted at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. We introduce a novel statistical approach to extract the planetary parameters from the binary mask cross-correlation analysis. We also adapt the concept of contribution function to the context of high spectral resolution observations, to identify the location in the planetary atmosphere where the detected emission originates. The average planetary line profile intersected by a stellar G2 binary mask was found in emission with a contrast of 84 14 ppm relative to the planetary plus stellar continuum (40% 5% relative to the planetary continuum only). This result unambiguously indicates the presence of an atmospheric thermal inversion. Finally, assuming a modeled temperature profile previously published, we show that an iron abundance consistent with a few times the stellar value explains the data well. In this scenario, the iron emission originates at the 10-3-10-5 bar level.

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DO - 10.3847/2041-8213/ab8c44

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VL - 894

JO - Astrophysical Journal Letters

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ER -

Neutral Iron Emission Lines from the Dayside of KELT-9b: The GAPS Program with HARPS-N at TNG XX

Abstract

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