Nanotechnologies and regenerative medical approaches for space and terrestrial medicine

One purpose of the International Space Station (ISS) is to explore powerful new areas of biomedical science in microgravity. Recent advances in nanotechnology applied to medicine - what we now refer to as nanomedicine - and regenerative medicine have enormous untapped potential for future space and terrestrial medical applications. Novel means for drug delivery and nanoscale screening tools will one day benefi t astronauts venturing to Mars and places beyond, while the space laboratory will foster advances in nanotechnologies for diagnostic and therapeutic tools to help our patients here on Earth. Herein we review a series of nanotechnologies and selected regenerative medical approaches and highlight key areas of ongoing and future investigation that will benefi t both space and terrestrial medicine. These studies target signifi cant areas of human disease such as osteoporosis, diabetes, radiation injury, and many others.