Micro- and nano-technologies for microbial fuel cells

An energy crisis and global warming are among the foremost critical issues that we face today. According to the United Kingdom Energy Research Centre, both oil and gas production will peak within the next twenty years (Bentley, 2002; Sorrell et al., 2009; 2010), and afterwards our society will suffer from post-peak reduction. Global warming, possibly caused by the greenhouse effect of CO2 accumulation frommassive fossil energy consumption since the industrial revolution, has been a worldwide issue because it changes global climate, boosts the sea level, etc. Thus, the search for and utilization of carbon-neutral, renewable, and sustainable energy is increasingly critical for the sustainability of our planet.