Methane emissions from process equipment at natural gas production sites in the United States: Liquid unloadings

Methane emissions from liquid unloadings were measured at 107 wells in natural gas production regions throughout the United States. Liquid unloadings clear wells of accumulated liquids to increase production, employing a variety of liquid lifting mechanisms. In this work, wells with and without plunger lifts were sampled. Most wells without plunger lifts unload less than 10 times per year with emissions averaging 21 000-35 000 scf methane (0.4-0.7 Mg) per event (95% confidence limits of 10 000-50 000 scf/event). For wells with plunger lifts, emissions averaged 1000-10 000 scf methane (0.02-0.2 Mg) per event (95% confidence limits of 500-12 000 scf/event). Some wells with plunger lifts are automatically triggered and unload thousands of times per year and these wells account for the majority of the emissions from all wells with liquid unloadings. If the data collected in this work are assumed to be representative of national populations, the data suggest that the central estimate of emissions from unloadings (270 Gg/yr, 95% confidence range of 190- 400 Gg) are within a few percent of the emissions estimated in the EPA 2012 Greenhouse Gas National Emission Inventory (released in 2014), with emissions dominated by wells with high frequencies of unloadings.