Measured radiation and background levels during transmission of megawatt electron beams through millimeter apertures

Ricardo Alarcon; S. Balascuta; S. V. Benson; W. Bertozzi; J. R. Boyce; R. Cowan; D. Douglas; P. Evtushenko; P. Fisher; E. Ihloff; N. Kalantarians; A. Kelleher; W. J. Kossler; R. Legg; E. Long; R. G. Milner; G. R. Neil; L. Ou; B. Schmookler; C. Tennant; C. Tschalär; G. P. Williams; S. Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2013.06.042

Measured radiation and background levels during transmission of megawatt electron beams through millimeter apertures

Ricardo Alarcon, S. Balascuta, S. V. Benson, W. Bertozzi, J. R. Boyce, R. Cowan, D. Douglas, P. Evtushenko, P. Fisher, E. Ihloff, N. Kalantarians, A. Kelleher, W. J. Kossler, R. Legg, E. Long, R. G. Milner, G. R. Neil, L. Ou, B. Schmookler, C. TennantC. Tschalär, G. P. Williams, S. Zhang

Physics

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5 Scopus citations

Abstract

We report measurements of photon and neutron radiation levels observed while transmitting a 0.43 MW electron beam through millimeter-sized apertures and during beam-off, but accelerating gradient RF-on, operation. These measurements were conducted at the Free-Electron Laser (FEL) facility of the Jefferson National Accelerator Laboratory (JLab) using a 100 mev electron beam from an energy-recovery linear accelerator. The beam was directed successively through 6 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm diameter apertures of length 127 mm in aluminum at a maximum current of 4.3 mA (430 kW beam power). This study was conducted to characterize radiation levels for experiments that need to operate in this environment, such as the proposed DarkLight Experiment. We find that sustained transmission of a 430 kW continuous-wave (CW) beam through a 2 mm aperture is feasible with manageable beam-related backgrounds. We also find that during beam-off, RF-on operation, multipactoring inside the niobium cavities of the accelerator cryomodules is the primary source of ambient radiation when the machine is tuned for 130 mev operation.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	233-240
Number of pages	8
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	729
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.06.042
State	Published - 2013

Keywords

Background radiation
Beam transmission
Energy recovery linac
Megawatt electron beam
Millimeter aperture
Multipactoring

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Instrumentation

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10.1016/j.nima.2013.06.042

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Alarcon, R., Balascuta, S., Benson, S. V., Bertozzi, W., Boyce, J. R., Cowan, R., Douglas, D., Evtushenko, P., Fisher, P., Ihloff, E., Kalantarians, N., Kelleher, A., Kossler, W. J., Legg, R., Long, E., Milner, R. G., Neil, G. R., Ou, L., Schmookler, B., ... Zhang, S. (2013). Measured radiation and background levels during transmission of megawatt electron beams through millimeter apertures. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 729, 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.06.042

Measured radiation and background levels during transmission of megawatt electron beams through millimeter apertures. / Alarcon, Ricardo; Balascuta, S.; Benson, S. V. et al.
In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 729, 2013, p. 233-240.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Alarcon, R, Balascuta, S, Benson, SV, Bertozzi, W, Boyce, JR, Cowan, R, Douglas, D, Evtushenko, P, Fisher, P, Ihloff, E, Kalantarians, N, Kelleher, A, Kossler, WJ, Legg, R, Long, E, Milner, RG, Neil, GR, Ou, L, Schmookler, B, Tennant, C, Tschalär, C, Williams, GP & Zhang, S 2013, 'Measured radiation and background levels during transmission of megawatt electron beams through millimeter apertures', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 729, pp. 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.06.042

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title = "Measured radiation and background levels during transmission of megawatt electron beams through millimeter apertures",

abstract = "We report measurements of photon and neutron radiation levels observed while transmitting a 0.43 MW electron beam through millimeter-sized apertures and during beam-off, but accelerating gradient RF-on, operation. These measurements were conducted at the Free-Electron Laser (FEL) facility of the Jefferson National Accelerator Laboratory (JLab) using a 100 mev electron beam from an energy-recovery linear accelerator. The beam was directed successively through 6 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm diameter apertures of length 127 mm in aluminum at a maximum current of 4.3 mA (430 kW beam power). This study was conducted to characterize radiation levels for experiments that need to operate in this environment, such as the proposed DarkLight Experiment. We find that sustained transmission of a 430 kW continuous-wave (CW) beam through a 2 mm aperture is feasible with manageable beam-related backgrounds. We also find that during beam-off, RF-on operation, multipactoring inside the niobium cavities of the accelerator cryomodules is the primary source of ambient radiation when the machine is tuned for 130 mev operation.",

keywords = "Background radiation, Beam transmission, Energy recovery linac, Megawatt electron beam, Millimeter aperture, Multipactoring",

author = "Ricardo Alarcon and S. Balascuta and Benson, {S. V.} and W. Bertozzi and Boyce, {J. R.} and R. Cowan and D. Douglas and P. Evtushenko and P. Fisher and E. Ihloff and N. Kalantarians and A. Kelleher and Kossler, {W. J.} and R. Legg and E. Long and Milner, {R. G.} and Neil, {G. R.} and L. Ou and B. Schmookler and C. Tennant and C. Tschal{\"a}r and Williams, {G. P.} and S. Zhang",

note = "Funding Information: Notice: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. The U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce this paper for U.S. Government purposes. This work supported by the Commonwealth of Virginia and by DOE under contract DE-AC05-060R23177 . Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge the outstanding efforts of both the staff of the Jefferson Laboratory to deliver the high quality FEL beam and the staff of the MIT-Bates Research and Engineering Center who designed, constructed and delivered the test target assembly. The research is supported by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science. ",

year = "2013",

doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2013.06.042",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "729",

pages = "233--240",

journal = "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment",

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T1 - Measured radiation and background levels during transmission of megawatt electron beams through millimeter apertures

AU - Alarcon, Ricardo

AU - Balascuta, S.

AU - Benson, S. V.

AU - Bertozzi, W.

AU - Boyce, J. R.

AU - Cowan, R.

AU - Douglas, D.

AU - Evtushenko, P.

AU - Fisher, P.

AU - Ihloff, E.

AU - Kalantarians, N.

AU - Kelleher, A.

AU - Kossler, W. J.

AU - Legg, R.

AU - Long, E.

AU - Milner, R. G.

AU - Neil, G. R.

AU - Ou, L.

AU - Schmookler, B.

AU - Tennant, C.

AU - Tschalär, C.

AU - Williams, G. P.

AU - Zhang, S.

N1 - Funding Information: Notice: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. The U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce this paper for U.S. Government purposes. This work supported by the Commonwealth of Virginia and by DOE under contract DE-AC05-060R23177 . Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge the outstanding efforts of both the staff of the Jefferson Laboratory to deliver the high quality FEL beam and the staff of the MIT-Bates Research and Engineering Center who designed, constructed and delivered the test target assembly. The research is supported by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science.

PY - 2013

Y1 - 2013

N2 - We report measurements of photon and neutron radiation levels observed while transmitting a 0.43 MW electron beam through millimeter-sized apertures and during beam-off, but accelerating gradient RF-on, operation. These measurements were conducted at the Free-Electron Laser (FEL) facility of the Jefferson National Accelerator Laboratory (JLab) using a 100 mev electron beam from an energy-recovery linear accelerator. The beam was directed successively through 6 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm diameter apertures of length 127 mm in aluminum at a maximum current of 4.3 mA (430 kW beam power). This study was conducted to characterize radiation levels for experiments that need to operate in this environment, such as the proposed DarkLight Experiment. We find that sustained transmission of a 430 kW continuous-wave (CW) beam through a 2 mm aperture is feasible with manageable beam-related backgrounds. We also find that during beam-off, RF-on operation, multipactoring inside the niobium cavities of the accelerator cryomodules is the primary source of ambient radiation when the machine is tuned for 130 mev operation.

AB - We report measurements of photon and neutron radiation levels observed while transmitting a 0.43 MW electron beam through millimeter-sized apertures and during beam-off, but accelerating gradient RF-on, operation. These measurements were conducted at the Free-Electron Laser (FEL) facility of the Jefferson National Accelerator Laboratory (JLab) using a 100 mev electron beam from an energy-recovery linear accelerator. The beam was directed successively through 6 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm diameter apertures of length 127 mm in aluminum at a maximum current of 4.3 mA (430 kW beam power). This study was conducted to characterize radiation levels for experiments that need to operate in this environment, such as the proposed DarkLight Experiment. We find that sustained transmission of a 430 kW continuous-wave (CW) beam through a 2 mm aperture is feasible with manageable beam-related backgrounds. We also find that during beam-off, RF-on operation, multipactoring inside the niobium cavities of the accelerator cryomodules is the primary source of ambient radiation when the machine is tuned for 130 mev operation.

KW - Background radiation

KW - Beam transmission

KW - Energy recovery linac

KW - Megawatt electron beam

KW - Millimeter aperture

KW - Multipactoring

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DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2013.06.042

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SN - 0168-9002

VL - 729

SP - 233

EP - 240

JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

ER -

Measured radiation and background levels during transmission of megawatt electron beams through millimeter apertures

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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