TY - JOUR
T1 - Malaria in selected non-Amazonian countries of Latin America
AU - Arevalo-Herrera, Myriam
AU - Quiñones, Martha Lucia
AU - Guerra, Carlos
AU - Céspedes, Nora
AU - Giron, Sandra
AU - Ahumada, Martha
AU - Piñeros, Juan Gabriel
AU - Padilla, Norma
AU - Terrientes, Zilka
AU - Rosas, Ángel
AU - Padilla, Julio Cesar
AU - Escalante, Ananias A.
AU - Beier, John C.
AU - Herrera, Socrates
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the US National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) (Grant numbers U19 AI089702 and R01 HL086488) and the Colombian Research Council (Colciencias) (Grant number 409-2009) to Fundación Centro Internacional de Vacunas. We are grateful to the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) for providing maps for Figure 1 and to Lorena Meneses for editorial support.
Funding Information:
During the last year multilateral initiatives such as the GFATM awarded grants to 11 countries including a multi-country program for malaria control on Andean-country border areas (PAMAFRO). This community based approach has covered 23 Border States of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela (719 municipalities and more than 6,000 communities) with the goal of decreasing malaria incidence, as measured by the API, by 50% and overall mortality by 70%. Although PAMAFRO was expected to reach this goal by 2009, preliminary data by 2008 showed a decrease trend of malaria morbidity by 37.2% and reduced mortality of 30% and 14% in Colombia and Peru, respectively; no official data were reported from Venezuela and Ecuador ( PAMAFRO, 2009 ). Simultaneously, RAVREDA was launched in 2001, financially supported by the US Agency for International Development (USAID), coordinated by PAHO and with technical support from Management Science for Health (MSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and United States Pharmacopea (USP). Within this framework, the participating countries have validated and adopted operational activities regarding malaria surveillance and control. Unfortunately, these two major initiatives did not include accurate evaluation strategies or operational research components. RAVREDA has maintained alliances with international and local organizations in these countries to achieve their goals, which included various components of the Regional Strategic Plan for Malaria in the Americas 2006–2010, lined up with national and global strategies and targets.
PY - 2012/3
Y1 - 2012/3
N2 - Approximately 170 million inhabitants of the American continent live at risk of malaria transmission. Although the continent's contribution to the global malaria burden is small, at least 1-1.2 million malaria cases are reported annually. Sixty percent of the malaria cases occur in Brazil and the other 40% are distributed in 20 other countries of Central and South America. Plasmodium vivax is the predominant species (74.2%) followed by P. falciparum (25.7%) and P. malariae (0.1%), and no less than 10 Anopheles species have been identified as primary or secondary malaria vectors. Rapid deforestation and agricultural practices are directly related to increases in Anopheles species diversity and abundance, as well as in the number of malaria cases. Additionally, climate changes profoundly affect malaria transmission and are responsible for malaria epidemics in some regions of South America. Parasite drug resistance is increasing, but due to bio-geographic barriers there is extraordinary genetic differentiation of parasites with limited dispersion. Although the clinical spectrum ranges from uncomplicated to severe malaria cases, due to the generally low to middle transmission intensity, features such as severe anemia, cerebral malaria and other complications appear to be less frequent than in other endemic regions and asymptomatic infections are a common feature. Although the National Malaria Control Programs (NMCP) of different countries differ in their control activities these are all directed to reduce morbidity and mortality by using strategies like health promotion, vector control and impregnate bed nets among others. Recently, international initiatives such as the Malaria Control Program in Andean-country Border Regions (PAMAFRO) (implemented by the Andean Organism for Health (ORAS) and sponsored by The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM)) and The Amazon Network for the Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance (RAVREDA) (sponsored by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) and several other partners), have made great investments for malaria control in the region. We describe here the current status of malaria in a non-Amazonian region comprising several countries of South and Central America participating in the Centro Latino Americano de Investigación en Malaria (CLAIM), an International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
AB - Approximately 170 million inhabitants of the American continent live at risk of malaria transmission. Although the continent's contribution to the global malaria burden is small, at least 1-1.2 million malaria cases are reported annually. Sixty percent of the malaria cases occur in Brazil and the other 40% are distributed in 20 other countries of Central and South America. Plasmodium vivax is the predominant species (74.2%) followed by P. falciparum (25.7%) and P. malariae (0.1%), and no less than 10 Anopheles species have been identified as primary or secondary malaria vectors. Rapid deforestation and agricultural practices are directly related to increases in Anopheles species diversity and abundance, as well as in the number of malaria cases. Additionally, climate changes profoundly affect malaria transmission and are responsible for malaria epidemics in some regions of South America. Parasite drug resistance is increasing, but due to bio-geographic barriers there is extraordinary genetic differentiation of parasites with limited dispersion. Although the clinical spectrum ranges from uncomplicated to severe malaria cases, due to the generally low to middle transmission intensity, features such as severe anemia, cerebral malaria and other complications appear to be less frequent than in other endemic regions and asymptomatic infections are a common feature. Although the National Malaria Control Programs (NMCP) of different countries differ in their control activities these are all directed to reduce morbidity and mortality by using strategies like health promotion, vector control and impregnate bed nets among others. Recently, international initiatives such as the Malaria Control Program in Andean-country Border Regions (PAMAFRO) (implemented by the Andean Organism for Health (ORAS) and sponsored by The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM)) and The Amazon Network for the Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance (RAVREDA) (sponsored by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) and several other partners), have made great investments for malaria control in the region. We describe here the current status of malaria in a non-Amazonian region comprising several countries of South and Central America participating in the Centro Latino Americano de Investigación en Malaria (CLAIM), an International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
KW - Epidemiology
KW - Latin America
KW - Malaria
KW - Malaria elimination
KW - Plasmodium falciparum
KW - Plasmodium vivax
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U2 - 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.06.008
DO - 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.06.008
M3 - Article
C2 - 21741349
AN - SCOPUS:84857649562
SN - 0001-706X
VL - 121
SP - 303
EP - 314
JO - Acta Tropica
JF - Acta Tropica
IS - 3
ER -