@article{2d8ff0a8a8cf4691a82daaf18298ed98,
title = "Long γ-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae have different environments",
abstract = "When massive stars exhaust their fuel, they collapse and often produce the extraordinarily bright explosions known as core-collapse supernovae. On occasion, this stellar collapse also powers an even more brilliant relativistic explosion known as a long-duration γ-ray burst. One would then expect that these long γ-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae should be found in similar galactic environments. Here we show that this expectation is wrong. We find that the γ-ray bursts are far more concentrated in the very brightest regions of their host galaxies than are the core-collapse supernovae. Furthermore, the host galaxies of the long γ-ray bursts are significantly fainter and more irregular than the hosts of the core-collapse supernovae. Together these results suggest that long-duration γ-ray bursts are associated with the most extremely massive stars and may be restricted to galaxies of limited chemical evolution. Our results directly imply that long γ-ray bursts are relatively rare in galaxies such as our own Milky Way.",
author = "Fruchter, {A. S.} and Levan, {A. J.} and L. Strolger and Vreeswijk, {P. M.} and Thorsett, {S. E.} and D. Bersier and I. Burud and {Castro Cer{\'o}n}, {J. M.} and Castro-Tirado, {A. J.} and C. Conselice and T. Dahlen and Ferguson, {H. C.} and Fynbo, {J. P.U.} and Garnavich, {P. M.} and Gibbons, {R. A.} and J. Gorosabel and Gull, {T. R.} and J. Hjorth and Holland, {S. T.} and C. Kouveliotou and Z. Levay and M. Livio and Metzger, {M. R.} and Nugent, {P. E.} and L. Petro and E. Pian and Rhoads, {J. E.} and Riess, {A. G.} and Sahu, {K. C.} and A. Smette and Tanvir, {N. R.} and Wijers, {R. A.M.J.} and Woosley, {S. E.}",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements Support for this research was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. Observations analysed in this work were taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope under programmes: 7785, 7863, 7966, 8189, 8588, 9074 and 9405 (Principal Investigator, A.S.F.); 7964, 8688, 9180 and 10135 (PI, S. R. Kulkarni); 8640 (PI, S.T.H.). We thank N. Panagia, N. Walborn and A. Soderberg for conversations; A. Filippenko and collaborators for early-time images of GRB 980326; and J. Bloom and collaborators for making public their early observations of GRB 020322.",
year = "2006",
month = may,
day = "25",
doi = "10.1038/nature04787",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "441",
pages = "463--468",
journal = "Nature",
issn = "0028-0836",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "7092",
}