Large PAHs detected in fine particulate matter emitted from light-duty gasoline vehicles

Sarah G. Riddle; Chris A. Jakober; Michael A. Robert; Thomas M. Cahill; M. Judith Charles; Michael J. Kleeman

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.023

Large PAHs detected in fine particulate matter emitted from light-duty gasoline vehicles

Sarah G. Riddle, Chris A. Jakober, Michael A. Robert, Thomas M. Cahill, M. Judith Charles, Michael J. Kleeman

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

91 Scopus citations

Abstract

Emission factors of large PAHs with 6-8 aromatic rings with molecular weights (MW) of 300-374 were measured from 16 light-duty gasoline-powered vehicles (LDGV) and one heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicle (HDDV) operated under realistic driving conditions. LDGVs emitted PAH isomers of MW 302, 326, 350, and 374, while the HDDV did not emit these compounds. This suggests that large PAHs may be useful tracers for the source apportionment of gasoline-powered motor vehicle exhaust in the atmosphere. Emission rates of MW 302, 326, and 350 isomers from LDGVs equipped with three-way catalysts (TWCs) ranged from 2 to 10 (μg L^-1 fuel burned), while emissions from LDGVs classified as low emission vehicles (LEVs) were almost a factor of 10 lower. MW 374 PAH isomers were not quantified due to the lack of a quantification-grade standard. The reduced emissions associated with the LEVs are likely attributable to improved vapor recovery during the "cold-start" phase of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle before the catalyst reaches operating temperature. Approximately 2 (μg g^-1 PM) of MW 326 and 350 PAH isomer groups were found in the National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference material (SRM)#1649 (Urban Dust). The pattern of the MW 302, 326, and 350 isomers detected in SRM#1649 qualitatively matched the ratio of these compounds detected in the exhaust of TWC LDGVs suggesting that each gram of Urban Dust SRM contained 5-10 mg of PM originally emitted from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Large PAHs made up 24% of the total LEV PAH emissions and 39% of the TWC PAH emissions released from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Recent studies have shown certain large PAH isomers have greater toxicity than benzo[a]pyrene. Even though the specific toxicity measurements on PAHs with MW >302 have yet to be performed, the detection of significant amounts of MW 326 and 350 PAHs in motor vehicle exhaust in the current study suggests that these compounds may pose a significant public health risk.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	8658-8668
Number of pages	11
Journal	Atmospheric Environment
Volume	41
Issue number	38
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.023
State	Published - Dec 2007
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

Diesel vehicle
Gasoline vehicle
Source apportionment
Toxicity

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Environmental Science
Atmospheric Science

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10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.023

Cite this

@article{7c78a277f46d4baaae5aa1dcac603b44,

title = "Large PAHs detected in fine particulate matter emitted from light-duty gasoline vehicles",

abstract = "Emission factors of large PAHs with 6-8 aromatic rings with molecular weights (MW) of 300-374 were measured from 16 light-duty gasoline-powered vehicles (LDGV) and one heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicle (HDDV) operated under realistic driving conditions. LDGVs emitted PAH isomers of MW 302, 326, 350, and 374, while the HDDV did not emit these compounds. This suggests that large PAHs may be useful tracers for the source apportionment of gasoline-powered motor vehicle exhaust in the atmosphere. Emission rates of MW 302, 326, and 350 isomers from LDGVs equipped with three-way catalysts (TWCs) ranged from 2 to 10 (μg L-1 fuel burned), while emissions from LDGVs classified as low emission vehicles (LEVs) were almost a factor of 10 lower. MW 374 PAH isomers were not quantified due to the lack of a quantification-grade standard. The reduced emissions associated with the LEVs are likely attributable to improved vapor recovery during the {"}cold-start{"} phase of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle before the catalyst reaches operating temperature. Approximately 2 (μg g-1 PM) of MW 326 and 350 PAH isomer groups were found in the National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference material (SRM)#1649 (Urban Dust). The pattern of the MW 302, 326, and 350 isomers detected in SRM#1649 qualitatively matched the ratio of these compounds detected in the exhaust of TWC LDGVs suggesting that each gram of Urban Dust SRM contained 5-10 mg of PM originally emitted from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Large PAHs made up 24% of the total LEV PAH emissions and 39% of the TWC PAH emissions released from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Recent studies have shown certain large PAH isomers have greater toxicity than benzo[a]pyrene. Even though the specific toxicity measurements on PAHs with MW >302 have yet to be performed, the detection of significant amounts of MW 326 and 350 PAHs in motor vehicle exhaust in the current study suggests that these compounds may pose a significant public health risk.",

keywords = "Diesel vehicle, Gasoline vehicle, Source apportionment, Toxicity",

author = "Riddle, {Sarah G.} and Jakober, {Chris A.} and Robert, {Michael A.} and Cahill, {Thomas M.} and Charles, {M. Judith} and Kleeman, {Michael J.}",

note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by the California Air Resources Board, Research Division under contracts #00-318 and #01-306, the National Science Foundation's Nanophases in the Environment, Agriculture, and Technology-Integrative Graduate Education, Research, and Training (NEAT-IGERT) initiative award #DGE-9972741 and the Coordinating Research Council under project #E-55/59-1.5a. The authors would like to thank Dr. John C. Fetzer (Chevron Research and Technology Company, retired) for the donation of several large PAH standards, the staff at the CARB Hagen-Smit Laboratory in El Monte, CA and the staff at the WVU portable HDDV dynamometer facility in Riverside, CA for their assistance in vehicle testing along with Drs. Roger Atkinson and Janet Arey and the staff of the Air Pollution Research Center at the University of California, Riverside for the use of laboratory and fume hood space during diesel sample collection. ",

year = "2007",

month = dec,

doi = "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.023",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "41",

pages = "8658--8668",

journal = "Atmospheric Environment",

issn = "1352-2310",

publisher = "Elsevier Limited",

number = "38",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Large PAHs detected in fine particulate matter emitted from light-duty gasoline vehicles

AU - Riddle, Sarah G.

AU - Jakober, Chris A.

AU - Robert, Michael A.

AU - Cahill, Thomas M.

AU - Charles, M. Judith

AU - Kleeman, Michael J.

N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by the California Air Resources Board, Research Division under contracts #00-318 and #01-306, the National Science Foundation's Nanophases in the Environment, Agriculture, and Technology-Integrative Graduate Education, Research, and Training (NEAT-IGERT) initiative award #DGE-9972741 and the Coordinating Research Council under project #E-55/59-1.5a. The authors would like to thank Dr. John C. Fetzer (Chevron Research and Technology Company, retired) for the donation of several large PAH standards, the staff at the CARB Hagen-Smit Laboratory in El Monte, CA and the staff at the WVU portable HDDV dynamometer facility in Riverside, CA for their assistance in vehicle testing along with Drs. Roger Atkinson and Janet Arey and the staff of the Air Pollution Research Center at the University of California, Riverside for the use of laboratory and fume hood space during diesel sample collection.

PY - 2007/12

Y1 - 2007/12

N2 - Emission factors of large PAHs with 6-8 aromatic rings with molecular weights (MW) of 300-374 were measured from 16 light-duty gasoline-powered vehicles (LDGV) and one heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicle (HDDV) operated under realistic driving conditions. LDGVs emitted PAH isomers of MW 302, 326, 350, and 374, while the HDDV did not emit these compounds. This suggests that large PAHs may be useful tracers for the source apportionment of gasoline-powered motor vehicle exhaust in the atmosphere. Emission rates of MW 302, 326, and 350 isomers from LDGVs equipped with three-way catalysts (TWCs) ranged from 2 to 10 (μg L-1 fuel burned), while emissions from LDGVs classified as low emission vehicles (LEVs) were almost a factor of 10 lower. MW 374 PAH isomers were not quantified due to the lack of a quantification-grade standard. The reduced emissions associated with the LEVs are likely attributable to improved vapor recovery during the "cold-start" phase of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle before the catalyst reaches operating temperature. Approximately 2 (μg g-1 PM) of MW 326 and 350 PAH isomer groups were found in the National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference material (SRM)#1649 (Urban Dust). The pattern of the MW 302, 326, and 350 isomers detected in SRM#1649 qualitatively matched the ratio of these compounds detected in the exhaust of TWC LDGVs suggesting that each gram of Urban Dust SRM contained 5-10 mg of PM originally emitted from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Large PAHs made up 24% of the total LEV PAH emissions and 39% of the TWC PAH emissions released from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Recent studies have shown certain large PAH isomers have greater toxicity than benzo[a]pyrene. Even though the specific toxicity measurements on PAHs with MW >302 have yet to be performed, the detection of significant amounts of MW 326 and 350 PAHs in motor vehicle exhaust in the current study suggests that these compounds may pose a significant public health risk.

AB - Emission factors of large PAHs with 6-8 aromatic rings with molecular weights (MW) of 300-374 were measured from 16 light-duty gasoline-powered vehicles (LDGV) and one heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicle (HDDV) operated under realistic driving conditions. LDGVs emitted PAH isomers of MW 302, 326, 350, and 374, while the HDDV did not emit these compounds. This suggests that large PAHs may be useful tracers for the source apportionment of gasoline-powered motor vehicle exhaust in the atmosphere. Emission rates of MW 302, 326, and 350 isomers from LDGVs equipped with three-way catalysts (TWCs) ranged from 2 to 10 (μg L-1 fuel burned), while emissions from LDGVs classified as low emission vehicles (LEVs) were almost a factor of 10 lower. MW 374 PAH isomers were not quantified due to the lack of a quantification-grade standard. The reduced emissions associated with the LEVs are likely attributable to improved vapor recovery during the "cold-start" phase of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle before the catalyst reaches operating temperature. Approximately 2 (μg g-1 PM) of MW 326 and 350 PAH isomer groups were found in the National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference material (SRM)#1649 (Urban Dust). The pattern of the MW 302, 326, and 350 isomers detected in SRM#1649 qualitatively matched the ratio of these compounds detected in the exhaust of TWC LDGVs suggesting that each gram of Urban Dust SRM contained 5-10 mg of PM originally emitted from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Large PAHs made up 24% of the total LEV PAH emissions and 39% of the TWC PAH emissions released from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Recent studies have shown certain large PAH isomers have greater toxicity than benzo[a]pyrene. Even though the specific toxicity measurements on PAHs with MW >302 have yet to be performed, the detection of significant amounts of MW 326 and 350 PAHs in motor vehicle exhaust in the current study suggests that these compounds may pose a significant public health risk.

KW - Diesel vehicle

KW - Gasoline vehicle

KW - Source apportionment

KW - Toxicity

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JO - Atmospheric Environment

JF - Atmospheric Environment

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ER -

Large PAHs detected in fine particulate matter emitted from light-duty gasoline vehicles

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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