TY - JOUR
T1 - Investigations of the tin-antimony-oxygen system by high-resolution electron microscopy
AU - Smith, David J.
AU - Bursill, L. A.
AU - Berry, Frank J.
N1 - Funding Information:
The Cambridge University 600-kV High Resolution Electron Microscope was built as a joint project between the Cavendish Laboratory and the Department of Engineering with major financial support from the Science Research Council: continued support of the HREM Project is gratefully acknowledged.
PY - 1982/10
Y1 - 1982/10
N2 - A range of tin-antimony oxides, prepared by the calcination of precipitates, were examined by high-resolution electron microscopy. Products formed at 600°C contain small crystals of a rutile-type material and, depending on antimony concentration, varying amounts of disordered and/or amorphous phases. The observations are consistent with a resistivity to bulk phase equilibrium under conditions of low temperature and high antimony concentrations. Heating of the tin-antimony oxides to 1000°C for prolonged periods is accompanied by an increase in the crystallinity and particle size of the rutile-type material as a result of the thermally induced aggregation of tin(IV) oxide units. The observations are consistent with limited antimony incorporation in the bulk tin(IV) oxide lattice and a migration of antimony to surface sites. There was no evidence for any discrete, readily identifiable, antimony oxide phases, although a nonrutile-type material was observed at higher antimony concentration. The rutile-type phases often contained planar faults which were identified in some instances as twin boundaries; the possibility that these might provide a means of accommodating antimony within the tin oxide lattice is briefly considered. The relationship between our observations and the information available from other techniques is discussed.
AB - A range of tin-antimony oxides, prepared by the calcination of precipitates, were examined by high-resolution electron microscopy. Products formed at 600°C contain small crystals of a rutile-type material and, depending on antimony concentration, varying amounts of disordered and/or amorphous phases. The observations are consistent with a resistivity to bulk phase equilibrium under conditions of low temperature and high antimony concentrations. Heating of the tin-antimony oxides to 1000°C for prolonged periods is accompanied by an increase in the crystallinity and particle size of the rutile-type material as a result of the thermally induced aggregation of tin(IV) oxide units. The observations are consistent with limited antimony incorporation in the bulk tin(IV) oxide lattice and a migration of antimony to surface sites. There was no evidence for any discrete, readily identifiable, antimony oxide phases, although a nonrutile-type material was observed at higher antimony concentration. The rutile-type phases often contained planar faults which were identified in some instances as twin boundaries; the possibility that these might provide a means of accommodating antimony within the tin oxide lattice is briefly considered. The relationship between our observations and the information available from other techniques is discussed.
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U2 - 10.1016/0022-4596(82)90380-2
DO - 10.1016/0022-4596(82)90380-2
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:0020190935
SN - 0022-4596
VL - 44
SP - 326
EP - 336
JO - Journal of Solid State Chemistry
JF - Journal of Solid State Chemistry
IS - 3
ER -