TY - JOUR
T1 - International comparisons of the associations between objective measures of the built environment and transport-related walking and cycling
T2 - IPEN adult study
AU - Christiansen, Lars B.
AU - Cerin, Ester
AU - Badland, Hannah
AU - Kerr, Jacqueline
AU - Davey, Rachel
AU - Troelsen, Jens
AU - van Dyck, Delfien
AU - Mitáš, Josef
AU - Schofield, Grant
AU - Sugiyama, Takemi
AU - Salvo, Deborah
AU - Sarmiento, Olga L.
AU - Reis, Rodrigo
AU - Adams, Marc
AU - Frank, Larry
AU - Sallis, James F.
N1 - Funding Information:
All authors declare financial support for the submitted work from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health. US data collection and Coordinating Center processing was supported by the NIH grants R01 HL67350 (NHLBI) and R01 CA127296 (NCI). The study conducted in Bogota was funded by Colciencias Grant 519_2010, Fogarty and CeiBA. The contributions of Neville Owen were supported by NHMRC Program Grant #569940, NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship #1003960, and by the Victorian Government?s Operational Infrastructure Support Program. The Danish study was partly funded by the Municipality of Aarhus. Data collection in the Czech Republic was supported by the Grant MEYS (#MSM 6198959221). Data collection in New Zealand was supported by the Health Research Council of New Zealand Grant #07/356. Data collection in Mexico was supported by the CDC Foundation which received an unrestricted training grant from The Coca-Cola Company. The UK study was funded by the Medical Research Council under the National Preventive Research Initiative. Deborah Salvo received a research grant from the CDC Foundation. Ester Cerin is supported by an ARC Future Fellowship (#140100085). James F Sallis received Grants and personal fees from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation outside of submitted work, grants and non-financial support from Nike, Inc. outside of submitted work, is a Santech, Inc. shareholder and is a consultant and receiver of royalties from SPARK Programs of School Specialty, Inc.
Funding Information:
All authors declare financial support for the submitted work from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health . US data collection and Coordinating Center processing was supported by the NIH grants R01 HL67350 ( NHLBI ) and R01 CA127296 ( NCI ). The study conducted in Bogota was funded by Colciencias Grant 519_2010 , Fogarty and CeiBA . The contributions of Neville Owen were supported by NHMRC Program Grant #569940 , NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship #1003960 , and by the Victorian Government ׳s Operational Infrastructure Support Program. The Danish study was partly funded by the Municipality of Aarhus . Data collection in the Czech Republic was supported by the Grant MEYS (# MSM 6198959221 ). Data collection in New Zealand was supported by the Health Research Council of New Zealand Grant #07/356 . Data collection in Mexico was supported by the CDC Foundation which received an unrestricted training grant from The Coca-Cola Company. The UK study was funded by the Medical Research Council under the National Preventive Research Initiative. Deborah Salvo received a research grant from the CDC Foundation. Ester Cerin is supported by an ARC Future Fellowship ( #140100085 ). James F Sallis received Grants and personal fees from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation outside of submitted work, grants and non-financial support from Nike, Inc. outside of submitted work, is a Santech, Inc. shareholder and is a consultant and receiver of royalties from SPARK Programs of School Specialty, Inc.
PY - 2016/12/1
Y1 - 2016/12/1
N2 - Introduction Mounting evidence documents the importance of urban form for active travel, but international studies could strengthen the evidence. The aim of the study was to document the strength, shape, and generalizability of relations of objectively measured built environment variables with transport-related walking and cycling. Methods This cross-sectional study maximized variation of environments and demographics by including multiple countries and by selecting adult participants living in neighborhoods based on higher and lower classifications of objectively measured walkability and socioeconomic status. Analyses were conducted on 12,181 adults aged 18–66 years, drawn from 14 cities across 10 countries worldwide. Frequency of transport-related walking and cycling over the last seven days was assessed by questionnaire and four objectively measured built environment variables were calculated. Associations of built environment variables with transport-related walking and cycling variables were estimated using generalized additive mixed models, and were tested for curvilinearity and study site moderation. Results We found positive associations of walking for transport with all the environmental attributes, but also found that the relationships was only linear for land use mix, but not for residential density, intersection density, and the number of parks. Our findings suggest that there may be optimum values in these attributes, beyond which higher densities or number of parks could have minor or even negative impact. Cycling for transport was associated linearly with residential density, intersection density (only for any cycling), and land use mix, but not with the number of parks. Conclusion Across 14 diverse cities and countries, living in more densely populated areas, having a well-connected street network, more diverse land uses, and having more parks were positively associated with transport-related walking and/or cycling. Except for land-use-mix, all built environment variables had curvilinear relationships with walking, with a plateau in the relationship at higher levels of the scales.
AB - Introduction Mounting evidence documents the importance of urban form for active travel, but international studies could strengthen the evidence. The aim of the study was to document the strength, shape, and generalizability of relations of objectively measured built environment variables with transport-related walking and cycling. Methods This cross-sectional study maximized variation of environments and demographics by including multiple countries and by selecting adult participants living in neighborhoods based on higher and lower classifications of objectively measured walkability and socioeconomic status. Analyses were conducted on 12,181 adults aged 18–66 years, drawn from 14 cities across 10 countries worldwide. Frequency of transport-related walking and cycling over the last seven days was assessed by questionnaire and four objectively measured built environment variables were calculated. Associations of built environment variables with transport-related walking and cycling variables were estimated using generalized additive mixed models, and were tested for curvilinearity and study site moderation. Results We found positive associations of walking for transport with all the environmental attributes, but also found that the relationships was only linear for land use mix, but not for residential density, intersection density, and the number of parks. Our findings suggest that there may be optimum values in these attributes, beyond which higher densities or number of parks could have minor or even negative impact. Cycling for transport was associated linearly with residential density, intersection density (only for any cycling), and land use mix, but not with the number of parks. Conclusion Across 14 diverse cities and countries, living in more densely populated areas, having a well-connected street network, more diverse land uses, and having more parks were positively associated with transport-related walking and/or cycling. Except for land-use-mix, all built environment variables had curvilinear relationships with walking, with a plateau in the relationship at higher levels of the scales.
KW - Built environment
KW - Cycling
KW - IPEN
KW - International
KW - Transport
KW - Walking
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84962138893&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84962138893&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jth.2016.02.010
DO - 10.1016/j.jth.2016.02.010
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84962138893
VL - 3
SP - 467
EP - 478
JO - Journal of Transport and Health
JF - Journal of Transport and Health
SN - 2214-1405
IS - 4
ER -