TY - JOUR
T1 - Impact of tree locations and arrangements on outdoor microclimates and human thermal comfort in an urban residential environment
AU - Zhao, Qunshan
AU - Sailor, David
AU - Wentz, Elizabeth
N1 - Funding Information:
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number DEB-1637590 , Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP-LTER) and supported in part by the National Aeronautical and Space Association under award number #3-LCLUC13-2-0012. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of National Science Foundation and National Aeronautical and Space Association. The first author is partly supported by the Dissertation Research Grant from American Association of Geographers. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier GmbH
PY - 2018/5
Y1 - 2018/5
N2 - Trees serve as a valuable asset in the urban built environment. In an arid city like Phoenix, trees are one of the primary urban green infrastructures to ameliorate extreme heat stress. Because of the cost of water and space in the desert residential environment, designing the optimal tree arrangement to maximize overall thermal benefits for residential neighborhoods is important and necessary. In this research, we first simulated a real neighborhood with current tree arrangement in ENVI-met (a holistic three-dimensional model for the simulation of surface-plant-air interactions), and validated the reliability of ENVI-met models by comparing the simulated results with systematic temperature collection transects. Further, we evaluated and compared differences in outdoor microclimates and human thermal comfort by simulating different tree layouts (clustered, equal interval, or dispersed) in the same neighborhood. Tree benefits at individual building scale and neighborhood scale are also compared and discussed. Based on the simulation, an equal interval two trees arrangement provided the most microclimate and human thermal comfort benefits in the neighborhood due to the importance of shading in the hot arid desert environment, following by clustered tree arrangement without canopy overlap. These findings will help policy makers and urban planners offer better guidelines for planting and establishing residential trees to mitigate extreme heat in the hot arid residential environment.
AB - Trees serve as a valuable asset in the urban built environment. In an arid city like Phoenix, trees are one of the primary urban green infrastructures to ameliorate extreme heat stress. Because of the cost of water and space in the desert residential environment, designing the optimal tree arrangement to maximize overall thermal benefits for residential neighborhoods is important and necessary. In this research, we first simulated a real neighborhood with current tree arrangement in ENVI-met (a holistic three-dimensional model for the simulation of surface-plant-air interactions), and validated the reliability of ENVI-met models by comparing the simulated results with systematic temperature collection transects. Further, we evaluated and compared differences in outdoor microclimates and human thermal comfort by simulating different tree layouts (clustered, equal interval, or dispersed) in the same neighborhood. Tree benefits at individual building scale and neighborhood scale are also compared and discussed. Based on the simulation, an equal interval two trees arrangement provided the most microclimate and human thermal comfort benefits in the neighborhood due to the importance of shading in the hot arid desert environment, following by clustered tree arrangement without canopy overlap. These findings will help policy makers and urban planners offer better guidelines for planting and establishing residential trees to mitigate extreme heat in the hot arid residential environment.
KW - ENVI-met
KW - Human thermal comfort
KW - Outdoor thermal environment
KW - Tree arrangement
KW - Tree location
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U2 - 10.1016/j.ufug.2018.03.022
DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2018.03.022
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85045454397
VL - 32
SP - 81
EP - 91
JO - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening
JF - Urban Forestry and Urban Greening
SN - 1618-8667
ER -