@article{a66879f036df400d91188403a06a2b5c,
title = "Identification of 121 variants of honey bee Vitellogenin protein sequences with structural differences at functional sites",
abstract = "Proteins are under selection to maintain central functions and to accommodate needs that arise in ever-changing environments. The positive selection and neutral drift that preserve functions result in a diversity of protein variants. The amount of diversity differs between proteins: multifunctional or disease-related proteins tend to have fewer variants than proteins involved in some aspects of immunity. Our work focuses on the extensively studied protein Vitellogenin (Vg), which in honey bees (Apis mellifera) is multifunctional and highly expressed and plays roles in immunity. Yet, almost nothing is known about the natural variation in the coding sequences of this protein or how amino acid-altering variants might impact structure–function relationships. Here, we map out allelic variation in honey bee Vg using biological samples from 15 countries. The successful barcoded amplicon Nanopore sequencing of 543 bees revealed 121 protein variants, indicating a high level of diversity in Vg. We find that the distribution of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) differs between protein regions with different functions; domains involved in DNA and protein–protein interactions contain fewer nsSNPs than the protein's lipid binding cavities. We outline how the central functions of the protein can be maintained in different variants and how the variation pattern may inform about selection from pathogens and nutrition.",
keywords = "Vitellogenin, honey bee, long-range amplicon sequencing, protein variants",
author = "Vilde Leipart and Jane Ludvigsen and Matthew Kent and Simen Sandve and To, {Thu Hien} and Mariann {\'A}rnyasi and Kreibich, {Claus D.} and Bj{\o}rn Dahle and Amdam, {Gro V.}",
note = "Funding Information: We extend our greatest gratitude to the researchers and managers of breeding associations who sampled, handled, and shipped the bee samples collected for our research herein: Anja Laupstad Vatland (Managing Director at Molti AS, Norway), Tor Erik R{\o}dsdalen (Leader of Norsk brunbielag), Ingvard Arvidsson (Adviser at Nordbif{\"o}reningen, Sweden), Flemming Vejsn{\ae}s (Adviser at Danish Beekeepers Association), Andrew Abrahams (Manager of Colonsay Black Bee Reserve, Scotland), Gerard Coyne (Vice Chairperson at The Native Irish Honey Bee Society and Regional Director of Connacht), Ma{\l}gorzata Bie{\'n}kowska (Lab head at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice, Poland), Rom{\'e}e van der Zee (Dutch Center for Bee Research), Kl{\'e}bert Silvestre (President of the Center for Technical Apicultural Studies of Savoie, France), Peter Kozmus (Professional Leader of Breeding Program for Carniolan Honeybee for the Slovenian Beekeepers' Associations), Cecilia Costa (Researcher at Council for Agriculture Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis, Bologna, Italy), Maria Alice de Silva Pinto (Coordinator Professor at Instituto Polit{\'e}cnico de Bragan{\c c}a, Portugal), Aleksandar Uzunov (Associate Professor at Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, Skopje, North Macedonia), Thomas Galea (committee member of the Malta Beekeepers Association), Irfan Kandemir (Professor at Department of Biology, Ankara University, Turkey), Adam G. Dolezal (Assistant Professor—Entomology at School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois), Olav Rueppell (Florence Schaeffer Distinguished Professor of Science at Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro), Jay Evans (Research Entomologist at Bee Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Maryland), Tim Kenney (Beekeeper and manager of Red Mountain Cattle Company, Arizona), Randy Oliver (Manager of Scientific Beekeeping, California), Marla Spivak (Professor in Entomology, University of Minnesota), and Mike Goblirsch (Post-doc at the Spivak Honey Bee Lab, University of Minnesota). We thank you all for your cooperation. The authors acknowledge The Research Council of Norway grant number 262137 for funding toward running costs and positions and BioCat (RCN grant number 249023) for travel grants and conference support. Funding Information: We extend our greatest gratitude to the researchers and managers of breeding associations who sampled, handled, and shipped the bee samples collected for our research herein: Anja Laupstad Vatland (Managing Director at Molti AS, Norway), Tor Erik R{\o}dsdalen (Leader of Norsk brunbielag), Ingvard Arvidsson (Adviser at Nordbif{\"o}reningen, Sweden), Flemming Vejsn{\ae}s (Adviser at Danish Beekeepers Association), Andrew Abrahams (Manager of Colonsay Black Bee Reserve, Scotland), Gerard Coyne (Vice Chairperson at The Native Irish Honey Bee Society and Regional Director of Connacht), Ma{\l}gorzata Bie{\'n}kowska (Lab head at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice, Poland), Rom{\'e}e van der Zee (Dutch Center for Bee Research), Kl{\'e}bert Silvestre (President of the Center for Technical Apicultural Studies of Savoie, France), Peter Kozmus (Professional Leader of Breeding Program for Carniolan Honeybee for the Slovenian Beekeepers' Associations), Cecilia Costa (Researcher at Council for Agriculture Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis, Bologna, Italy), Maria Alice de Silva Pinto (Coordinator Professor at Instituto Polit{\'e}cnico de Bragan{\c c}a, Portugal), Aleksandar Uzunov (Associate Professor at Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, Skopje, North Macedonia), Thomas Galea (committee member of the Malta Beekeepers Association), Irfan Kandemir (Professor at Department of Biology, Ankara University, Turkey), Adam G. Dolezal (Assistant Professor—Entomology at School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois), Olav Rueppell (Florence Schaeffer Distinguished Professor of Science at Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro), Jay Evans (Research Entomologist at Bee Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Maryland), Tim Kenney (Beekeeper and manager of Red Mountain Cattle Company, Arizona), Randy Oliver (Manager of Scientific Beekeeping, California), Marla Spivak (Professor in Entomology, University of Minnesota), and Mike Goblirsch (Post‐doc at the Spivak Honey Bee Lab, University of Minnesota). We thank you all for your cooperation. The authors acknowledge The Research Council of Norway grant number 262137 for funding toward running costs and positions and BioCat (RCN grant number 249023) for travel grants and conference support. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors. Protein Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Protein Society.",
year = "2022",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1002/pro.4369",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "31",
journal = "Protein Science",
issn = "0961-8368",
publisher = "Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press",
number = "7",
}