@article{3f7df6e70ffb42168b78d049d46b9046,
title = "Hybrid Lithographic and DNA-Directed Assembly of a Configurable Plasmonic Metamaterial That Exhibits Electromagnetically Induced Transparency",
abstract = "Metamaterials are architectures that interact with light in novel ways by virtue of symmetry manipulation, and have opened a window into studying unprecedented light-matter interactions. However, they are commonly fabricated via lithographic methods, are usually static structures, and are limited in how they can react to external stimuli. Here we show that by combining lithographic techniques with DNA-based self-assembly methods, we can construct responsive plasmonic metamaterials that exhibit the plasmonic analog of an effect known as electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), which can dramatically change their spectra upon motion of their constituent parts. Correlative scanning electron microscopy measurements, scattering dark-field microscopy, and computational simulations are performed on single assemblies to determine the relationship between their structures and spectral responses to a variety of external stimuli. The strength of the EIT-like effect in these assemblies can be tuned by precisely controlling the positioning of the plasmonic nanoparticles in these structures. For example, changing the ionic environment or dehydrating the sample will change the conformation of the DNA linkers and therefore the distance between the nanoparticles. Dark-field spectra of individual assemblies show peak shifts of up to many tens of nanometers upon DNA perturbations. This dynamic metamaterial represents a stepping stone toward state-of-the-art plasmonic sensing platforms and next-generation dynamic metamaterials.",
keywords = "DNA, Metamaterials, electromagnetically induced transparency, nanoparticles, plasmonics, self-assembly",
author = "Litt, {David B.} and Jones, {Matthew R.} and Mario Hentschel and Ying Wang and Sui Yang and Ha, {Hyun Dong} and Xiang Zhang and Alivisatos, {A. Paul}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division under Contract No. DE-AC02-05-CH11231 within the Characterization of Functional Nanomachines Program, KC1203 (D.B.L., H.D.H, and lithography work) and within the Subwavelength Metamaterials Program, KC12XZ (S.Y., Y.W., and X.Z.). Optical modeling was supported by the Light-Material Interactions in Energy Conversion, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231, part of the EFRC at Caltech under DE-SC0001293. The nano-particle synthesis, the design of the linking DNA sequences, and the assembly work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant DMR-1344290. M.R.J. acknowledges the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation for a postdoctoral fellowship. M.H. gratefully acknowledges financial support by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through a Feodor Lynen scholarship. We thank Dr. Alexander Koshelev at LBL and Dr. Kathy Durkin at the molecular graphics and computation facility at UC Berkeley (NIH S10OD023532) for help with Lumerical FDTD. D.L. would like to thank Xingchen Ye for productive conversations. We also thank Greg Mullins and Dr. Jeffery Clarkson for training on e-beam lithography and SEM imaging. The authors acknowledge the Marvell Nanofabrication Laboratory for the use of their facilities. Funding Information: This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division under Contract No. DEAC02-05-CH11231 within the Characterization of Functional Nanomachines Program, KC1203 (D.B.L., H.D.H, and lithography work) and within the Subwavelength Metamaterials Program, KC12XZ (S.Y., Y.W., and X.Z.). Optical modeling was supported by the Light-Material Interactions in Energy Conversion, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231, part of the EFRC at Caltech under DE-SC0001293. The nanoparticle synthesis, the design of the linking DNA sequences, and the assembly work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant DMR-1344290. M.R.J. acknowledges the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation for a postdoctoral fellowship. M.H. gratefully acknowledges financial support by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through a Feodor Lynen scholarship. We thank Dr. Alexander Koshelev at LBL and Dr. Kathy Durkin at the molecular graphics and computation facility at UC Berkeley (NIH S10OD023532) for help with Lumerical FDTD. D.L. would like to thank Xingchen Ye for productive conversations. We also thank Greg Mullins and Dr. Jeffery Clarkson for training on e-beam lithography and SEM imaging. The authors acknowledge the Marvell Nanofabrication Laboratory for the use of their facilities. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 American Chemical Society.",
year = "2018",
month = feb,
day = "14",
doi = "10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04116",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "18",
pages = "859--864",
journal = "Nano Letters",
issn = "1530-6984",
publisher = "American Chemical Society",
number = "2",
}