Heat-related deaths in hot cities: Estimates of human tolerance to high temperature thresholds

Sharon Harlan, Gerardo Chowell, Shuo Yang, Diana B. Petitti, Emmanuel J Morales Butler, Benjamin L. Ruddell, Darren M. Ruddell

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

91 Scopus citations

Abstract

In this study we characterized the relationship between temperature and mortality in central Arizona desert cities that have an extremely hot climate. Relationships between daily maximum apparent temperature (ATmax) and mortality for eight condition-specific causes and all-cause deaths were modeled for all residents and separately for males and females ages <65 and ≥65 during the months May-October for years 2000-2008. The most robust relationship was between ATmax on day of death and mortality from direct exposure to high environmental heat. For this condition-specific cause of death, the heat thresholds in all gender and age groups (ATmax = 90-97 °F; 32.2- 36.1 °C) were below local median seasonal temperatures in the study period (ATmax = 99.5 °F; 37.5 °C). Heat threshold was defined as ATmax at which the mortality ratio begins an exponential upward trend. Thresholds were identified in younger and older females for cardiac disease/stroke mortality (ATmax = 106 and 108 °F; 41.1 and 42.2 °C) with a one-day lag. Thresholds were also identified for mortality from respiratory diseases in older people (ATmax = 109 °F; 42.8 °C) and for all-cause mortality in females (ATmax = 107 °F; 41.7 °C) and males <65 years (ATmax = 102 °F; 38.9 °C). Heat-related mortality in a region that has already made some adaptations to predictable periods of extremely high temperatures suggests that more extensive and targeted heat-adaptation plans for climate change are needed in cities worldwide.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)3304-3326
Number of pages23
JournalInternational journal of environmental research and public health
Volume11
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 20 2014

Keywords

  • Apparent temperature
  • Climate
  • Gender
  • Heat-related deaths
  • Hot cities
  • Hot climate
  • Temperature threshold

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Pollution
  • Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
  • Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

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