Groupthink Remodeled: The Importance of Leadership, Time Pressure, and Methodical Decision-Making Procedures

This article reviews the research on groupthink and analyzes the results and identifies areas of inconsistency. Based on these analyses and integration of research on the effects of time pressure on group decision making, a revised groupthink framework is presented. The revised framework alters the role of the leader, adjusts the linkages between groupthink antecedents and symptoms, and focuses attention on the importance of time pressure and methodical decision-making procedures on the prevention of groupthink. The revised framework attempts to correct a fundamental flaw of Janis' (1983) model - that is, to explain why within the same group, groupthink can occur during one decision-making situation and not another.