Genetically modified rodent models: A new generation of translational cognitive science

The brain is the key organ that differentiates humans from each other and from other animals; it stores personal experiences and knowledge in the form of memories, integrates all external information, and controls fundamental functions for survival. The underlying molecular mechanisms of learning and memory, and maintaining such high plasticity and flexibility in the brain, have remained long-lasting mysteries in the field of neuroscience. This chapter primarily focuses on the role of neurons and signal transduction pathways within the neuronal cells in learning and memory, and details the procedures used for generating genetically modified rodents. Also discussed is the application of knockout and knock-in models to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of learning and memory, as well as the advantages and limitations of their use.