@article{f2198d7ddcd840c49d569391037eb58a,
title = "Gender Differences in Emotional Reactions to the First 2016 Presidential Debate",
abstract = "The first presidential debate of 2016 was historic along a number of dimensions, including the first woman general election candidate and the first general election candidate in history with no political or military experience. Given the presence of the first woman nominee of a major party, along with dramatic gender differences in support for the candidates, we focus on the role of gender in shaping people{\textquoteright}s emotional responses to candidate messaging during the debate. Through the use of a controlled experiment, we measure changes in attitudes after exposure to the debate. In addition, we utilize facial expression software to explore real-time reaction to the candidates during the debate. Leveraging data generated during the debate by the facial expression software and as well as responses to pretest and post-test questionnaires, we find that men and women respond differently to candidates{\textquoteright} messaging during the debate and these emotional responses influence post-debate evaluations.",
keywords = "Debates, Emotions, Gender, Political attitudes",
author = "Fridkin, {Kim L.} and Gershon, {Sarah Allen} and Jillian Courey and Kristina LaPlant",
note = "Funding Information: An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2017 American Political Science Association Meeting. The data collection for this project was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1650397. We would like to thank the following students who helped with the debate experiments: Zachary Arlington, Ryan Deutsch, Joshua Galvan, Sammy Goldenberg, Micah Kyler and especially Manny Gutierrez. Abigail Bowen, Bailey Fairbanks, Chanel Harley, Liam Hayes, Justin Kingsland, Matthew Montgomery, Reagan Griggs Prichett, Abdelrahman Rashdan and Adnan Rasool. Funding Information: An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2017 American Political Science Association Meeting. The data collection for this project was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1650397. We would like to thank the following students who helped with the debate experiments: Zachary Arlington, Ryan Deutsch, Joshua Galvan, Sammy Goldenberg, Micah Kyler and especially Manny Gutierrez. Abigail Bowen, Bailey Fairbanks, Chanel Harley, Liam Hayes, Justin Kingsland, Matthew Montgomery, Reagan Griggs Prichett, Abdelrahman Rashdan and Adnan Rasool. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.",
year = "2021",
month = mar,
doi = "10.1007/s11109-019-09546-9",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "43",
pages = "55--85",
journal = "Political Behavior",
issn = "0190-9320",
publisher = "Springer New York",
number = "1",
}