@article{f6b2542fb3674e02ac506a36315b36cf,
title = "Explaining Regeneration: Cells and Limbs as Complex Living Systems, Learning From History",
abstract = "Regeneration has been investigated since Aristotle, giving rise to many ways of explaining what this process is and how it works. Current research focuses on gene expression and cell signaling of regeneration within individual model organisms. We tend to look to model organisms on the reasoning that because of evolution, information gained from other species must in some respect be generalizable. However, for all that we have uncovered about how regeneration works within individual organisms, we have yet to translate what we have gleaned into achieving the goal of regenerative medicine: to harness and enhance our own regenerative abilities. Turning to history may provide a crucial perspective in advancing us toward this goal. History gives perspective, allowing us to reflect on how our predecessors did their work and what assumptions they made, thus also revealing limitations. History, then, may show us how we can move from our current reductionist thinking focused on particular selected model organisms toward generalizations about this crucial process that operates across complex living systems and move closer to repairing our own damaged bodies.",
keywords = "Morgan, blastema, complex living systems, generalizability, model organisms, reductionism, regeneration",
author = "Kate MacCord and Jane Maienschein",
note = "Funding Information: This article was a product of the McDonnell Initiative at the Marine Biological Laboratory. The McDonnell Initiative began with support from two generous grants from the James S. McDonnell Foundation, along with substantive input from the Foundation Director, Susan Fitzpatrick (“Integrating the Life Funding Information: We would like to thank members of the McDonnell Initiative, including Kathryn Maxson Jones, Andrew Inkpen, Ford Doolittle, Lucie Laplane, Fritz Davis, and James Collins, with contributions from others along the way. For that project, we ask what is meant by regeneration across the scales of life. Is the process of regeneration the same in ecosystems, microbial communities, and individual organisms? What can we learn from comparisons? The book by Maienschein and MacCord, the first in a series of regeneration books with the University of Chicago Press, provided the foundation for this article. We benefited from materials at the Marine Biological Laboratory library and archives in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, with help from Jennifer Walton and Matthew Person. We also thank Jessica Ranney from the Center for Biology and Society at Arizona State University, and Richard Creath and Challie Facemire for their unending ability to put up with us. Funding. This article was a product of the McDonnell Initiative at the Marine Biological Laboratory. The McDonnell Initiative began with support from two generous grants from the James S. McDonnell Foundation, along with substantive input from the Foundation Director, Susan Fitzpatrick (“Integrating the Life Sciences with the History and Philosophy of Science” JSMF Grant No. 220020480 and “Transforming Discovery: Historians, Philosophers, and Life Scientists Exploring Regeneration” JSMF Grant No. 220020480.01). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Copyright {\textcopyright} 2021 MacCord and Maienschein.",
year = "2021",
month = aug,
day = "31",
doi = "10.3389/fcell.2021.734315",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "9",
journal = "Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology",
issn = "2296-634X",
publisher = "Frontiers Media S. A.",
}