TY - JOUR
T1 - Energy efficiency of refrigeration systems for high-heat-flux microelectronics
AU - Phelan, Patrick
AU - Gupta, Y.
AU - Tyagi, H.
AU - Prasher, R. S.
AU - Catano, J.
AU - Michna, G.
AU - Zhou, R.
AU - Wen, J.
AU - Jensen, M.
AU - Peles, Y.
PY - 2010/9
Y1 - 2010/9
N2 - Increasingly, military and civilian applications of electronics require extremely high-heat fluxes on the order of 1000 W/cm2. Thermal management solutions for these severe operating conditions are subject to a number of constraints, including energy consumption, controllability, and the volume or size of the package. Calculations indicate that the only possible approach to meeting this heat flux condition, while maintaining the chip temperature below 65°C, is to utilize refrigeration. Here, we report an initial thermodynamic optimization of the refrigeration system design. In order to hold the outlet quality of the fluid leaving the evaporator to less than approximately 20%, in order to avoid reaching critical heat flux, the refrigeration system design is dramatically different from typical configurations for household applications. In short, a simple vapor-compression cycle will require excessive energy consumption, largely because of the additional heat required to return the refrigerant to its vapor state before the compressor inlet. A better design is determined to be a "two-loop" cycle, in which the vapor-compression loop is coupled thermally to a pumped loop that directly cools the high-heat-flux chip.
AB - Increasingly, military and civilian applications of electronics require extremely high-heat fluxes on the order of 1000 W/cm2. Thermal management solutions for these severe operating conditions are subject to a number of constraints, including energy consumption, controllability, and the volume or size of the package. Calculations indicate that the only possible approach to meeting this heat flux condition, while maintaining the chip temperature below 65°C, is to utilize refrigeration. Here, we report an initial thermodynamic optimization of the refrigeration system design. In order to hold the outlet quality of the fluid leaving the evaporator to less than approximately 20%, in order to avoid reaching critical heat flux, the refrigeration system design is dramatically different from typical configurations for household applications. In short, a simple vapor-compression cycle will require excessive energy consumption, largely because of the additional heat required to return the refrigerant to its vapor state before the compressor inlet. A better design is determined to be a "two-loop" cycle, in which the vapor-compression loop is coupled thermally to a pumped loop that directly cools the high-heat-flux chip.
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U2 - 10.1115/1.4003041
DO - 10.1115/1.4003041
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:78651450879
SN - 1948-5085
VL - 2
JO - Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications
JF - Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications
IS - 3
ER -