DISTRIBUTION LINE PERFORMANCE WITH IMPERFECT GROUNDING.

The authors review the effects of ground contact-resistance on the performance of overhead distributed lines. Ground contact-resistance is not negligible in many situations involving dry or rocky soil, and can affect distribution lines with respect to consumer voltage, losses under unbalanced loading, and neutral potential. It can also affect the voltages and currents that will be encountered by telephone, television, or other service cables that share electric distribution poles. The results presented are intended to be both tutorial (in pointing out effects that exist but are not recognized in routine calculation work), and supplemental to the fairly sparse fund of documentation on the numerical values associated with these effects.