Direct Optimal Mapping for 21 cm Cosmology: A Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array

Zhilei Xu; Jacqueline N. Hewitt; Kai Feng Chen; Honggeun Kim; Joshua S. Dillon; Nicholas S. Kern; Miguel F. Morales; Bryna J. Hazelton; Ruby Byrne; Nicolas Fagnoni; Eloy de Lera Acedo; Zara Abdurashidova; Tyrone Adams; James E. Aguirre; Paul Alexander; Zaki S. Ali; Rushelle Baartman; Yanga Balfour; Adam P. Beardsley; Gianni Bernardi; Tashalee S. Billings; Judd D. Bowman; Richard F. Bradley; Philip Bull; Jacob Burba; Steven Carey; Chris L. Carilli; Carina Cheng; David R. DeBoer; Matt Dexter; Nico Eksteen; John Ely; Aaron Ewall-Wice; Randall Fritz; Steven R. Furlanetto; Kingsley Gale-Sides; Brian Glendenning; Deepthi Gorthi; Bradley Greig; Jasper Grobbelaar; Ziyaad Halday; Jack Hickish; Daniel C. Jacobs; Austin Julius; MacCalvin Kariseb; Joshua Kerrigan; Piyanat Kittiwisit; Saul A. Kohn; Matthew Kolopanis; Adam Lanman; Paul La Plante; Adrian Liu; Anita Loots; Yin Zhe Ma; David Harold Edward MacMahon; Lourence Malan; Cresshim Malgas; Keith Malgas; Bradley Marero; Zachary E. Martinot; Andrei Mesinger; Mathakane Molewa; Tshegofalang Mosiane; Steven G. Murray; Abraham R. Neben; Bojan Nikolic; Hans Nuwegeld; Aaron R. Parsons; Nipanjana Patra; Samantha Pieterse; Jonathan C. Pober; Nima Razavi-Ghods; James Robnett; Kathryn Rosie; Peter Sims; Craig Smith; Hilton Swarts; Nithyanandan Thyagarajan; Pieter Van Van Wyngaarden; Peter K.G. Williams; Haoxuan Zheng

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9053

Direct Optimal Mapping for 21 cm Cosmology: A Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array

Zhilei Xu, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Kai Feng Chen, Honggeun Kim, Joshua S. Dillon, Nicholas S. Kern, Miguel F. Morales, Bryna J. Hazelton, Ruby Byrne, Nicolas Fagnoni, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Zara Abdurashidova, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Paul Alexander, Zaki S. Ali, Rushelle Baartman, Yanga Balfour, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni BernardiTashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, Carina Cheng, David R. DeBoer, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Randall Fritz, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Austin Julius, MacCalvin Kariseb, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Saul A. Kohn, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, Anita Loots, Yin Zhe Ma, David Harold Edward MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Abraham R. Neben, Bojan Nikolic, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nipanjana Patra, Samantha Pieterse, Jonathan C. Pober, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Kathryn Rosie, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter Van Van Wyngaarden, Peter K.G. Williams, Haoxuan Zheng

Earth and Space Exploration, School of (SESE)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Scopus citations

Abstract

Motivated by the desire for wide-field images with well-defined statistical properties for 21 cm cosmology, we implement an optimal mapping pipeline that computes a maximum likelihood estimator for the sky using the interferometric measurement equation. We demonstrate this “direct optimal mapping” with data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization (HERA) Phase I observations. After validating the pipeline with simulated data, we develop a maximum likelihood figure-of-merit for comparing four sky models at 166 MHz with a bandwidth of 100 kHz. The HERA data agree with the GLEAM catalogs to < 10%. After subtracting the GLEAM point sources, the HERA data discriminate between the different continuum sky models, providing most support for the model of Byrne et al. We report the computation cost for mapping the HERA Phase I data and project the computation for the HERA 320-antenna data; both are feasible with a modern server. The algorithm is broadly applicable to other interferometers and is valid for wide-field and noncoplanar arrays.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	128
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	938
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9053
State	Published - Oct 1 2022

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

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10.3847/1538-4357/ac9053

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Xu, Z., Hewitt, J. N., Chen, K. F., Kim, H., Dillon, J. S., Kern, N. S., Morales, M. F., Hazelton, B. J., Byrne, R., Fagnoni, N., Acedo, E. D. L., Abdurashidova, Z., Adams, T., Aguirre, J. E., Alexander, P., Ali, Z. S., Baartman, R., Balfour, Y., Beardsley, A. P., ... Zheng, H. (2022). Direct Optimal Mapping for 21 cm Cosmology: A Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array. Astrophysical Journal, 938(2), Article 128. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9053

Xu, Z, Hewitt, JN, Chen, KF, Kim, H, Dillon, JS, Kern, NS, Morales, MF, Hazelton, BJ, Byrne, R, Fagnoni, N, Acedo, EDL, Abdurashidova, Z, Adams, T, Aguirre, JE, Alexander, P, Ali, ZS, Baartman, R, Balfour, Y, Beardsley, AP, Bernardi, G, Billings, TS, Bowman, JD, Bradley, RF, Bull, P, Burba, J, Carey, S, Carilli, CL, Cheng, C, DeBoer, DR, Dexter, M, Eksteen, N, Ely, J, Ewall-Wice, A, Fritz, R, Furlanetto, SR, Gale-Sides, K, Glendenning, B, Gorthi, D, Greig, B, Grobbelaar, J, Halday, Z, Hickish, J, Jacobs, DC, Julius, A, Kariseb, M, Kerrigan, J, Kittiwisit, P, Kohn, SA, Kolopanis, M, Lanman, A, Plante, PL, Liu, A, Loots, A, Ma, YZ, Edward MacMahon, DH, Malan, L, Malgas, C, Malgas, K, Marero, B, Martinot, ZE, Mesinger, A, Molewa, M, Mosiane, T, Murray, SG, Neben, AR, Nikolic, B, Nuwegeld, H, Parsons, AR, Patra, N, Pieterse, S, Pober, JC, Razavi-Ghods, N, Robnett, J, Rosie, K, Sims, P, Smith, C, Swarts, H, Thyagarajan, N, Wyngaarden, PVV, Williams, PKG & Zheng, H 2022, 'Direct Optimal Mapping for 21 cm Cosmology: A Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 938, no. 2, 128. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9053

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title = "Direct Optimal Mapping for 21 cm Cosmology: A Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array",

abstract = "Motivated by the desire for wide-field images with well-defined statistical properties for 21 cm cosmology, we implement an optimal mapping pipeline that computes a maximum likelihood estimator for the sky using the interferometric measurement equation. We demonstrate this “direct optimal mapping” with data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization (HERA) Phase I observations. After validating the pipeline with simulated data, we develop a maximum likelihood figure-of-merit for comparing four sky models at 166 MHz with a bandwidth of 100 kHz. The HERA data agree with the GLEAM catalogs to < 10%. After subtracting the GLEAM point sources, the HERA data discriminate between the different continuum sky models, providing most support for the model of Byrne et al. We report the computation cost for mapping the HERA Phase I data and project the computation for the HERA 320-antenna data; both are feasible with a modern server. The algorithm is broadly applicable to other interferometers and is valid for wide-field and noncoplanar arrays.",

author = "Zhilei Xu and Hewitt, {Jacqueline N.} and Chen, {Kai Feng} and Honggeun Kim and Dillon, {Joshua S.} and Kern, {Nicholas S.} and Morales, {Miguel F.} and Hazelton, {Bryna J.} and Ruby Byrne and Nicolas Fagnoni and Acedo, {Eloy de Lera} and Zara Abdurashidova and Tyrone Adams and Aguirre, {James E.} and Paul Alexander and Ali, {Zaki S.} and Rushelle Baartman and Yanga Balfour and Beardsley, {Adam P.} and Gianni Bernardi and Billings, {Tashalee S.} and Bowman, {Judd D.} and Bradley, {Richard F.} and Philip Bull and Jacob Burba and Steven Carey and Carilli, {Chris L.} and Carina Cheng and DeBoer, {David R.} and Matt Dexter and Nico Eksteen and John Ely and Aaron Ewall-Wice and Randall Fritz and Furlanetto, {Steven R.} and Kingsley Gale-Sides and Brian Glendenning and Deepthi Gorthi and Bradley Greig and Jasper Grobbelaar and Ziyaad Halday and Jack Hickish and Jacobs, {Daniel C.} and Austin Julius and MacCalvin Kariseb and Joshua Kerrigan and Piyanat Kittiwisit and Kohn, {Saul A.} and Matthew Kolopanis and Adam Lanman and Plante, {Paul La} and Adrian Liu and Anita Loots and Ma, {Yin Zhe} and {Edward MacMahon}, {David Harold} and Lourence Malan and Cresshim Malgas and Keith Malgas and Bradley Marero and Martinot, {Zachary E.} and Andrei Mesinger and Mathakane Molewa and Tshegofalang Mosiane and Murray, {Steven G.} and Neben, {Abraham R.} and Bojan Nikolic and Hans Nuwegeld and Parsons, {Aaron R.} and Nipanjana Patra and Samantha Pieterse and Pober, {Jonathan C.} and Nima Razavi-Ghods and James Robnett and Kathryn Rosie and Peter Sims and Craig Smith and Hilton Swarts and Nithyanandan Thyagarajan and Wyngaarden, {Pieter Van Van} and Williams, {Peter K.G.} and Haoxuan Zheng",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",

year = "2022",

month = oct,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ac9053",

language = "English (US)",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Direct Optimal Mapping for 21 cm Cosmology

T2 - A Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array

AU - Xu, Zhilei

AU - Hewitt, Jacqueline N.

AU - Chen, Kai Feng

AU - Kim, Honggeun

AU - Dillon, Joshua S.

AU - Kern, Nicholas S.

AU - Morales, Miguel F.

AU - Hazelton, Bryna J.

AU - Byrne, Ruby

AU - Fagnoni, Nicolas

AU - Acedo, Eloy de Lera

AU - Abdurashidova, Zara

AU - Adams, Tyrone

AU - Aguirre, James E.

AU - Alexander, Paul

AU - Ali, Zaki S.

AU - Baartman, Rushelle

AU - Balfour, Yanga

AU - Beardsley, Adam P.

AU - Bernardi, Gianni

AU - Billings, Tashalee S.

AU - Bowman, Judd D.

AU - Bradley, Richard F.

AU - Bull, Philip

AU - Burba, Jacob

AU - Carey, Steven

AU - Carilli, Chris L.

AU - Cheng, Carina

AU - DeBoer, David R.

AU - Dexter, Matt

AU - Eksteen, Nico

AU - Ely, John

AU - Ewall-Wice, Aaron

AU - Fritz, Randall

AU - Furlanetto, Steven R.

AU - Gale-Sides, Kingsley

AU - Glendenning, Brian

AU - Gorthi, Deepthi

AU - Greig, Bradley

AU - Grobbelaar, Jasper

AU - Halday, Ziyaad

AU - Hickish, Jack

AU - Jacobs, Daniel C.

AU - Julius, Austin

AU - Kariseb, MacCalvin

AU - Kerrigan, Joshua

AU - Kittiwisit, Piyanat

AU - Kohn, Saul A.

AU - Kolopanis, Matthew

AU - Lanman, Adam

AU - Plante, Paul La

AU - Liu, Adrian

AU - Loots, Anita

AU - Ma, Yin Zhe

AU - Edward MacMahon, David Harold

AU - Malan, Lourence

AU - Malgas, Cresshim

AU - Malgas, Keith

AU - Marero, Bradley

AU - Martinot, Zachary E.

AU - Mesinger, Andrei

AU - Molewa, Mathakane

AU - Mosiane, Tshegofalang

AU - Murray, Steven G.

AU - Neben, Abraham R.

AU - Nikolic, Bojan

AU - Nuwegeld, Hans

AU - Parsons, Aaron R.

AU - Patra, Nipanjana

AU - Pieterse, Samantha

AU - Pober, Jonathan C.

AU - Razavi-Ghods, Nima

AU - Robnett, James

AU - Rosie, Kathryn

AU - Sims, Peter

AU - Smith, Craig

AU - Swarts, Hilton

AU - Thyagarajan, Nithyanandan

AU - Wyngaarden, Pieter Van Van

AU - Williams, Peter K.G.

AU - Zheng, Haoxuan

PY - 2022/10/1

Y1 - 2022/10/1

N2 - Motivated by the desire for wide-field images with well-defined statistical properties for 21 cm cosmology, we implement an optimal mapping pipeline that computes a maximum likelihood estimator for the sky using the interferometric measurement equation. We demonstrate this “direct optimal mapping” with data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization (HERA) Phase I observations. After validating the pipeline with simulated data, we develop a maximum likelihood figure-of-merit for comparing four sky models at 166 MHz with a bandwidth of 100 kHz. The HERA data agree with the GLEAM catalogs to < 10%. After subtracting the GLEAM point sources, the HERA data discriminate between the different continuum sky models, providing most support for the model of Byrne et al. We report the computation cost for mapping the HERA Phase I data and project the computation for the HERA 320-antenna data; both are feasible with a modern server. The algorithm is broadly applicable to other interferometers and is valid for wide-field and noncoplanar arrays.

AB - Motivated by the desire for wide-field images with well-defined statistical properties for 21 cm cosmology, we implement an optimal mapping pipeline that computes a maximum likelihood estimator for the sky using the interferometric measurement equation. We demonstrate this “direct optimal mapping” with data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization (HERA) Phase I observations. After validating the pipeline with simulated data, we develop a maximum likelihood figure-of-merit for comparing four sky models at 166 MHz with a bandwidth of 100 kHz. The HERA data agree with the GLEAM catalogs to < 10%. After subtracting the GLEAM point sources, the HERA data discriminate between the different continuum sky models, providing most support for the model of Byrne et al. We report the computation cost for mapping the HERA Phase I data and project the computation for the HERA 320-antenna data; both are feasible with a modern server. The algorithm is broadly applicable to other interferometers and is valid for wide-field and noncoplanar arrays.

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DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ac9053

M3 - Article

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SN - 0004-637X

VL - 938

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 128

ER -

Direct Optimal Mapping for 21 cm Cosmology: A Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array

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