Did the Maya build architectural cosmograms?

I criticize recent applications of the "cosmogram" concept to ancient Maya architecture and cities. Although cosmograms - graphic representations of aspects of the cosmos - are known from Late Postclassic and early colonial Aztec and Maya sources, there is no textual suggestion that buildings or cities were viewed as cosmograms. Numerous authors, however, assert confidently that architectural cosmograms abounded in Classic Maya cities. I examine known cosmograms, describe recent studies of architectural cosmograms, and discuss problems that occur when highly speculative interpretations are phrased as confident empirical findings. Copyright