TY - JOUR
T1 - Demosaicing enhancement using pixel-level fusion
AU - Kwan, Chiman
AU - Chou, Bryan
AU - Kwan, Li Yun M.
AU - Larkin, Jude
AU - Ayhan, Bulent
AU - Bell, James F.
AU - Kerner, Hannah
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by NASA under Contract No. NNX16CP38P. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2018/5/1
Y1 - 2018/5/1
N2 - Bayer pattern has been widely used in commercial digital cameras. In NASA’s mast camera (Mastcams) onboard the Mars rover Curiosity, Bayer pattern has also been used in capturing the RGB bands. It is well known that debayering, also known as demosaicing in the literature, introduces artifacts such as false colors and zipper edges. In this paper, we first present four fusion approaches, including weighted and the well-known alpha-trimmed mean filtering approaches. Each fusion approach combines demosaicing results from seven debayering algorithms in the literature, which are selected based on their performance mentioned in other survey papers and the availability of open source codes. Second, we present debayering results using two benchmark image data sets: IMAX and Kodak. It was observed that none of the seven algorithms in the literature can yield the best performance in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), CIELAB score, and subjective evaluation. Although the fusion algorithms are simple, it turns out that the debayering performance can be improved quite dramatically after fusion based on our extensive evaluations. In particular, the average PSNR improvements of the weighted fusion algorithm over the best individual method are 1.1 dB for the IMAX database and 1.8 dB for the Kodak database, respectively. Third, we applied the various algorithms to 36 actual Mastcam images. Subjective evaluation indicates that the fusion algorithms still work well, but not as good as the existing debayering algorithm used by NASA.
AB - Bayer pattern has been widely used in commercial digital cameras. In NASA’s mast camera (Mastcams) onboard the Mars rover Curiosity, Bayer pattern has also been used in capturing the RGB bands. It is well known that debayering, also known as demosaicing in the literature, introduces artifacts such as false colors and zipper edges. In this paper, we first present four fusion approaches, including weighted and the well-known alpha-trimmed mean filtering approaches. Each fusion approach combines demosaicing results from seven debayering algorithms in the literature, which are selected based on their performance mentioned in other survey papers and the availability of open source codes. Second, we present debayering results using two benchmark image data sets: IMAX and Kodak. It was observed that none of the seven algorithms in the literature can yield the best performance in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), CIELAB score, and subjective evaluation. Although the fusion algorithms are simple, it turns out that the debayering performance can be improved quite dramatically after fusion based on our extensive evaluations. In particular, the average PSNR improvements of the weighted fusion algorithm over the best individual method are 1.1 dB for the IMAX database and 1.8 dB for the Kodak database, respectively. Third, we applied the various algorithms to 36 actual Mastcam images. Subjective evaluation indicates that the fusion algorithms still work well, but not as good as the existing debayering algorithm used by NASA.
KW - Debayering
KW - Demosaicing
KW - Fusion
KW - Image enhancement
KW - Mastcam
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U2 - 10.1007/s11760-017-1216-2
DO - 10.1007/s11760-017-1216-2
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85035348995
SN - 1863-1703
VL - 12
SP - 749
EP - 756
JO - Signal, Image and Video Processing
JF - Signal, Image and Video Processing
IS - 4
ER -