Curriculum Based Reinforcement Learning of Grid Topology Controllers to Prevent Thermal Cascading

This paper describes how domain knowledge of power system operators can be integrated into reinforcement learning (RL) frameworks to effectively learn agents that control the grid&#x0027;s topology to prevent thermal cascading. Typical RL-based topology controllers fail to perform well due to the large search/optimization space. Here, we propose an actor-critic-based agent to address the problem&#x0027;s combinatorial nature and train the agent using the RL environment developed by RTE, the French TSO. To address the challenge of the large optimization space, a curriculum-based approach with reward tuning is incorporated into the training procedure by modifying the environment using network physics for enhanced agent learning. Further, a parallel training approach on multiple scenarios is employed to avoid biasing the agent to a few scenarios and make it robust to the natural variability in grid operations. Without these modifications to the training procedure, the RL agent failed for most test scenarios, illustrating the importance of properly integrating domain knowledge of physical systems for real-world RL learning. The agent was tested by RTE for the 2019 learning to run the power network challenge and was awarded the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2^{nd}$</tex-math></inline-formula> place in accuracy and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1^{st}$</tex-math></inline-formula> place in speed. The developed code is open-sourced for public use. Analysis of a simple system proves the enhancement in training RL-agents using the curriculum.