TY - JOUR
T1 - Cryogenic Noise-Parameter Measurements
T2 - Recent Research and a Fully Automated Measurement Application
AU - Sheldon, Alexander
AU - Belostotski, Leonid
AU - Mani, Hamdi
AU - Groppi, Christopher E.
AU - Warnick, Karl F.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the University of Calgary, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (grants RGPIN/03855-2018 and RGPAS/522621-2018), the Canada Research Chair program (950-228619 and 950-231990), the Canadian Foundation of Innovation (CFI 228619), Alberta Economic Development and Trade (grant RCP-14-022-SEG), and in part by CMC Microsystems. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant 1636645.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2000-2012 IEEE.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - Since the conception of radio astronomy [1], researchers have been striving to develop a 'zero-noise' broadband receiver. Although this goal has remained elusive, the pursuit of it has led to numerous low-noise circuit innovations [2], [3]. Perhaps the most notable of these innovations are cryogenic low-noise amplifiers (cryo-LNAs) [3]-[6] as this technology has been able to achieve the lowest noise levels to date. While references to cryogenic amplifiers in the literature date back to the early 1950s [7], they are still a subject of much interest among researchers. Cryo-LNAs were initially conceived of to address challenges in the fields of space exploration [8], [9] and radio astronomy [10]. More recently, researchers in other fields have become interested in 'zero-noise' receivers, making this a topic of widespread interest among RF and microwave engineers.
AB - Since the conception of radio astronomy [1], researchers have been striving to develop a 'zero-noise' broadband receiver. Although this goal has remained elusive, the pursuit of it has led to numerous low-noise circuit innovations [2], [3]. Perhaps the most notable of these innovations are cryogenic low-noise amplifiers (cryo-LNAs) [3]-[6] as this technology has been able to achieve the lowest noise levels to date. While references to cryogenic amplifiers in the literature date back to the early 1950s [7], they are still a subject of much interest among researchers. Cryo-LNAs were initially conceived of to address challenges in the fields of space exploration [8], [9] and radio astronomy [10]. More recently, researchers in other fields have become interested in 'zero-noise' receivers, making this a topic of widespread interest among RF and microwave engineers.
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U2 - 10.1109/MMM.2021.3078027
DO - 10.1109/MMM.2021.3078027
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85112081295
VL - 22
SP - 52
EP - 64
JO - IEEE Microwave Magazine
JF - IEEE Microwave Magazine
SN - 1527-3342
IS - 8
M1 - 9475609
ER -