Abstract
More than 24 N-nitrosamine compounds contribute to the total N-nitrosamine (TNA) burden monitored routinely to assess human exposure to this important group of known and suspected human carcinogens. A literature review (n = 122) identified multiple sources of human exposure to TNAs, including waters (40 ± 10.5 ng/L; average ± standard deviation), food and beverages (6.7 ± 0.8 ng/g), tobacco (16,100 ± 3650 ng/g) and personal care products (1500 ± 750 ng/g). Due to source control interventions, levels of TNAs in beer have dropped by about 96% between 1980 and 1990, whereas N-nitrosamine levels in other known sources have shown little to no change. Maximum daily TNA exposure in the U.S. in units of ng/d is estimated at 25,000 ± 4,950, driven by consumption of tobacco products (22,000 ± 4350), food (1900 ± 380), alcohol (1000 ± 200), and drinking water (120 ± 24). Behavioral choices of individuals in non-occupational settings were calculated to result in a spectrum of exposure values ranging from a lower bound of 1900 ± 380 ng/d to a higher bound of 25,000 ± 4950 ng/d, indicating opportunities for a possible 12-fold reduction in TNA exposure to 8% of the above maximum through deliberate choices in diet and lifestyle.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1124-1136 |
| Number of pages | 13 |
| Journal | Chemosphere |
| Volume | 210 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Nov 1 2018 |
| Externally published | Yes |
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Keywords
- Attributable risk analysis
- Dermal contact
- Human exposure
- Ingestion
- Inhalation
- N-nitrosamine
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Chemistry(all)
- Environmental Chemistry
Cite this
Critical review of major sources of human exposure to N-nitrosamines. / Gushgari, Adam J.; Halden, Rolf.
In: Chemosphere, Vol. 210, 01.11.2018, p. 1124-1136.Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Critical review of major sources of human exposure to N-nitrosamines
AU - Gushgari, Adam J.
AU - Halden, Rolf
PY - 2018/11/1
Y1 - 2018/11/1
N2 - More than 24 N-nitrosamine compounds contribute to the total N-nitrosamine (TNA) burden monitored routinely to assess human exposure to this important group of known and suspected human carcinogens. A literature review (n = 122) identified multiple sources of human exposure to TNAs, including waters (40 ± 10.5 ng/L; average ± standard deviation), food and beverages (6.7 ± 0.8 ng/g), tobacco (16,100 ± 3650 ng/g) and personal care products (1500 ± 750 ng/g). Due to source control interventions, levels of TNAs in beer have dropped by about 96% between 1980 and 1990, whereas N-nitrosamine levels in other known sources have shown little to no change. Maximum daily TNA exposure in the U.S. in units of ng/d is estimated at 25,000 ± 4,950, driven by consumption of tobacco products (22,000 ± 4350), food (1900 ± 380), alcohol (1000 ± 200), and drinking water (120 ± 24). Behavioral choices of individuals in non-occupational settings were calculated to result in a spectrum of exposure values ranging from a lower bound of 1900 ± 380 ng/d to a higher bound of 25,000 ± 4950 ng/d, indicating opportunities for a possible 12-fold reduction in TNA exposure to 8% of the above maximum through deliberate choices in diet and lifestyle.
AB - More than 24 N-nitrosamine compounds contribute to the total N-nitrosamine (TNA) burden monitored routinely to assess human exposure to this important group of known and suspected human carcinogens. A literature review (n = 122) identified multiple sources of human exposure to TNAs, including waters (40 ± 10.5 ng/L; average ± standard deviation), food and beverages (6.7 ± 0.8 ng/g), tobacco (16,100 ± 3650 ng/g) and personal care products (1500 ± 750 ng/g). Due to source control interventions, levels of TNAs in beer have dropped by about 96% between 1980 and 1990, whereas N-nitrosamine levels in other known sources have shown little to no change. Maximum daily TNA exposure in the U.S. in units of ng/d is estimated at 25,000 ± 4,950, driven by consumption of tobacco products (22,000 ± 4350), food (1900 ± 380), alcohol (1000 ± 200), and drinking water (120 ± 24). Behavioral choices of individuals in non-occupational settings were calculated to result in a spectrum of exposure values ranging from a lower bound of 1900 ± 380 ng/d to a higher bound of 25,000 ± 4950 ng/d, indicating opportunities for a possible 12-fold reduction in TNA exposure to 8% of the above maximum through deliberate choices in diet and lifestyle.
KW - Attributable risk analysis
KW - Dermal contact
KW - Human exposure
KW - Ingestion
KW - Inhalation
KW - N-nitrosamine
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85053175824&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85053175824&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.098
DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.098
M3 - Review article
VL - 210
SP - 1124
EP - 1136
JO - Chemosphere
JF - Chemosphere
SN - 0045-6535
ER -